III PROCELLARITFORMES 59 
from time to time to breathe ; but they have a most curious habit 
of stretching out the legs below the tail, laying their wings flat 
to their sides, arching their necks forward, and then making a 
sudden spring clear out of the waves. An occasional croak is 
heard while the birds are in the water, but on land the barking 
noise is perfectly deafening, nor do the severe bites with which the 
intruder is greeted make matters more tolerable.’ Among other 
species recognised by different writers are /. antarcticus of the 
Falklands, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, and New Georgia; £. 
antipodum of New Zealand and Campbell Island, with an almost 
yellow head; #. atratus of the Snares Islands, entirely of a blackish 
hue, and possibly a melanistic form; /. schlegeli of Macquarie 
Island, #. vittatus and EL. pachyrhynchus of New Zealand, LF. selateri 
of the Auckland Islands, and £. serresianus of Tierra del Fuego. 
Palaeeudyptes antarcticus” is a fossil form nearly 7 feet high, 
from the Eocene of New Zealand, while Sefores Moreno and 
Mercerat record Paraptenodytes antarcticus, Palacospheniscus 
patagonicus, P. menzbiert, and P. bergii from the Miocene of 
Patagonia.” 
Order IV. PROCELLARIIFORMES. 
The Procellariiformes, or Petrels, are archaic ocean forms 
with great powers of flight, often placed near the Laridae on 
account of a supposed external resemblance, though the structure 
of the internal parts shews this to be misleading, and indicates 
rather a position between the Sphenisciformes and Ciconiiformes. 
The single Sub-Order TUBINARES, with the Family Procel- 
lariidae, may be subdivided into the Sub-famihes: (1) Diome- 
deinae, or Albatroses; (2) Oceanitinae and (3) Procellariinae, or 
Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels proper ; and (4) Pelecanoidinae, 
or Diving Petrels.* 
Fam. Procellariidae—In the larger species the bill is long, 
stout, and frequently compressed, with a strong sharp hook over- 
hanging the truncated mandible ; its size gradually diminishing 
throughout the Sub-Families in very much the above order. The 
1 Cf. Moseley and Abbott, wt supra, p. 57. 
? Huxley, Quart. J. Geol. Soc. xv. 1859, pp. 670-676. 
3 An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent. i. 1891, pp. 16-19, 446. 
4 H. Gadow, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, p. 129. For other classi- 
fications see W. A. Forbes, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1881, p. 671; and O. Salvin, Cat. Birds 
Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, p. 342. 
