IV PHALACROCORACIDAE Tif 
neck are violet-black, and a bronzy-purple tinge extends thence 
to the wings, the naked areas being brownish-red. It ranges 
from Kamtschatka to Western Mexico, and even winters in 
North Japan. /P. wrile, of the extreme north of the Pacific, is 
very similar, but has the gular pouch bluish with red hinder 
margin, the lores, orbits, and an additional strip of bare skin on 
the forehead being orange. LP. perspicillatus, of Bering Island, 
now considered extinct, is another close ally, in which the fila- 
mentous feathers are yellowish and the orbits white. P. 
graculus, the Green Cormorant or Shag, breeding in Britain 
chietly on the western side, and occurring rarely on our inland 
waters, is found in many places along the coasts of West Europe 
to Morocco and the Mediterranean ; it is dark green with black 
remiges and twelve black rectrices, and metallic hues on the head, 
neck, and under surface, the irides being green and the bill and feet 
black, as are the naked regions, which are spotted with yellow. 
In spring a recurved crest overhangs the forehead. LP. lucidus, 
of South, East, and apparently West Africa, differs from the last 
in having a brown head and nape, and grey tints on the mantle 
and tail, while the chin and most of the lower parts are white. 
P. africanus occupies South and East Africa. P. varius, of New 
Zealand, is greenish-black above with grey middles to the dorsal 
feathers, white cheeks and under surface ; the bill is horn-coloured, 
the feet black, the orbits bluish, the gular skin yellow, with an 
orange spot before each eye. P. carunculatus, of New Zealand, has, 
according to Sir W. L. Buller, no crest and a white band on the 
back, but otherwise resembles the crested P. onslowi of the Chatham 
Islands, and P. imperialis of Chili and Patagonia, two fine irides- 
cent species with the under surface and an alar bar white, the bare 
papillose skin in front of the eyes orange-red, and the bill and 
feet brownish. P. featherstoni of the Chatham Islands, which is 
remarkable for possessing both an occipital and a frontal crest, 
is greenish-black and brown above with white filoplumes on the 
nape, and greyish-white below; the beak being dark brown, the 
feet orange-yellow, and the naked parts bluish. Similar tufts are 
met with in P. punctatus of New Zealand, wherein the upper 
plumage is mainly brown with terminal black spots on the 
1 Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. ii. London, 1888, pp. 154-160. 
* The Chatham Island bird is P. onslowi of H. O. Forbes (Zbis, 1893, p. 537), 
who discusses various other species. The American forms need further study. 
