102 CICONIIFORMES CHAP. 
T. melanopis, differing in its rufous breast, inhabits America 
from Peru and Brazil southwards; Z. branichii being probably 
identical. Bostrychia carunculata of North-East Africa is greenish- 
brown with metallic reflexions and white on the wing-coverts, 
the crested head and under surface having whitish margins to the 
feathers, and the bill, feet, and a long thin gular caruncle being red. 
Hagedashia hagedash, of the Ethiopian Region generally, is some- 
what similar but brighter, with no white on the wing and no 
crest or wattle; the dusky lores are bare and warty, the bill is 
black with crimson base to the culmen, and the feet are chiefly 
red. Geronticus calvus of South Africa, except for its shorter 
crest and greenish-white fore-neck, is not unlike Comatibis comata 
of Northern Africa, Arabia, and the Euphrates, which is metallic 
ereenish-black with a large bronzy-red patch on each wing, a fine 
nuchal tuft of narrow feathers, red bill, feet, and bare skin of the 
head and throat. There is some question here as to the colour of 
the naked spaces. Wipponia nippon, of East Siberia, Corea, Japan, 
China, and Formosa, is white with pinkish remiges and rectrices ; 
a long pendent crest graces the nape, the bare face is vermilion, 
the bill black with red tip, while the feet are lighter red. 
Graptocephalus davisoni of the Burmese Countries and Cochin 
China and Jnocotis papillosus of India are both dusky brown, 
with bluish-black wings and tail, a white patch on the wing- 
coverts, greyish bill, and red feet ; but whereas in the former the 
black naked head is separated by a bare bluish-white collar from 
the neck, in the latter the hinder crown is dotted with red 
papulae. Carphibis spinicollis of Australia is black with purple 
and coppery sheen, the sides of the downy neck, the tail, and the 
abdomen being white, and the feathers of the chest, which are 
converted into stiff straw-like processes, yellowish. The naked 
head and throat are black, the bill is black with brown bars at 
the base, the tibiae are crimson, and the metatarsi dusky. The 
huge Thaumatibis gigantea of Cochin China is blackish-brown 
glossed with green, and shows much grey on the wing; the 
scapulars are decomposed and the head and upper neck bare; the 
nape is crossed by black bars, and the bill and feet are dull red. 
Ibis aethiopica, the Sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians, of 
which mummies are so often found in the temples, represented to 
that people the moon-god Thoth, and is now the Abou-Hannes or 
“Father John” of Abyssinia. It inhabits the Ethiopian Region, 
