Lo ANSERIFORMES CHAP. 
are black and white, the bill is black, the feet are brown. The 
female has a red-brown crest, brown chest, and upper surface. 
The members of this Sub-family are shy and wary sea-birds, 
seldom found on fresh water except during the breeding season ; 
they fly well, walk clumsily, and dive admirably, swimming low 
in the water. The cry isa plaintive whistle or loud harsh note ; 
the food consists of little but fish. The Red-breasted Merganser 
breeds in holes in banks, or among grass and heather, laying up 
to ten brownish-green eggs; the Goosander deposits from eight 
to thirteen, of a fine creamy colour, in similar places, or in hollow 
trees; the Smew and the Hooded Merganser prefer the latter, 
and lay some eight creamy or ivory-white eggs respectively. 
Sub-fam. 2. Merganettinae.—Salvadorina waigiuensis of 
Waigiou has the head and neck blackish-brown with paler edges 
to the feathers, a white chin, black upper parts barred with white, 
and buffish-white under parts with brown abdominal spots; the 
sides are barred with black, and the black and green speculum is 
bounded by two white bands. The bill and feet are yellowish- 
brown. Hymenolaemus malacorhynchus, the Blue Duck of New 
Zealand, is lead-blue, tinged with olive on the head and spotted 
with chestnut on the breast, the outer secondaries shewing a little 
white and the inner black. The whitish bill has the dependent 
membrane (p. 111) black, the feet are brown. This peculiar 
and tame torrent-duck is rarely seen on the sea, though it can 
fly from one gorge to another; it swims and chmbs the boulders 
with ease, has a whirring note, and feeds chiefly on insect-larvae. 
It deposits five creamy eges in holes or under tussocks of grass. 
Merganetta armata, of Chil, is black above with white edges to 
the feathers, and rufous with black streaks below; the head and 
neck are white, with black crown, vertical eye-stripe, throat, 
chest, and streaks down the back and sides of the neck; the 
bronzy-green speculum has a white band on each side, the bill is 
yellow, the feet are reddish. J frenata, of Chili, is very 
similar; JZ turneri, of South Peru, has a white throat and rufous 
edges to the feathers of the back; J2 leucogenys, of Peru, has a 
whitish throat and breast; while JZ garleppi, of Bolivia and 
Tucuman, and JZ columbiana, of Colombia, Ecuador, and Vene- 
zuela, differ but little from the last-named. The females are grey 
and black above and uniform cinnamon below. These curious 
Ducks are restricted to the torrents of the Andes, where they 
