I20 ANSERIFORMES CHAP. 
exceptionally in Greenland, visiting us in winter, though rarely 
reaching Spain and the Adriatic ; it is black with a white speculum 
and mark under each eye, the bill being orange with black posterior 
swelling and lateral line, and the feet dull crimson-red. The 
brownish female has the white speculum, but a brown bill. The 
. very sunilar Oe. deglandi, of North-East America, has the base of 
the maxilla entirely feathered, as has the still blacker Oc. carbo, 
of North-East Asia. Oc. perspicillata, the Surf-Scoter, accidental 
in Britain and North-West Europe, inhabits the far north of 
America and the Asiatic coasts of Bering Straits, wintering 
down to Jamaica and California. The black plumage is relieved 
by white patches on the crown and nape; there is a black mark 
on each side of the crimson, scarlet, and orange bill, the feet 
are crimson, orange, and black. The brown female has yellowish- 
orange feet. Scoters are gregarious birds, usually found some way 
from land except when breeding; the flight is strong; the note 
euttural, but softer in spring; the food consists of fish, molluscs, 
and crustaceans. They nest near fresh-water lakes and pools, among 
heather or grass, and lay from five to eight yellowish-white eggs. 
Cosmonetta histrionica, the Harlequin Duck of Iceland, North- 
East Asia, Arctic America, and possibly the Urals, which reaches 
Japan, the United States, and exceptionally Britain and elsewhere 
in winter, is grey-blue, curiously marked with black and white on 
the head, neck, wings, and chest ; the supercilary streaks and flanks 
are chestnut, the speculum being purple, the bill plumbeous, the feet 
brown. The female is brown with whitish cheeks and mottlings 
below. The habits of tumbling and diving in rocky torrents have 
been well described by Mr. Belding ;* the nest is in banks or under 
boulders, and contains seven or eight buffeges. Harelda glacialis, 
the Long-tailed Duck of the Arctic Regions, which appears to breed 
in Shetland, and in winter even reaches the Mediterranean and 
China, but more commonly the Caspian, Lake Baikal, Japan, and 
the middle United’ States, is at that season white with brownish 
patches on the sides of the neck, brown-black back, wings, central 
rectrices, and chest. In summer the crown, neck, and scapulars 
become brown, with rufous edges to the dorsal plumage. The bill 
is pinkish and black, the feet are bluish. The female is brown, with 
white ocular region, neck-ring, and lower parts. This noisy species 
is called, from its musical chattering note, “Calloo” in Shetland 
1 Water Birds N. Amer. ii. Boston, 1884, p. 56. 
