122 ANSERIFORMES CHAP. 
white round the base of the bill. F. afinis, of North America, 
has the head purplish; / cristata,.of the whole Palaearctic area, 
breeding freely in Britain and apparently in the Abyssinian high- 
lands, while wintering in India, Japan, China, the Malay Archi- 
pelago and Polynesia, is distinguished by an occipital crest, and in 
the male by a black back. / novae zealandiae, of New Zealand, 
the Auckland and Chatham Islands, has a purple and green gloss 
above, a few white dots on the back, and rufous-brown abdominal 
feathers, the latter being brown and white in the female. F. 
collaris, of North America generally, has a violet tinge on the 
black portions, a chestnut collar, a blue-grey speculum, and white 
under parts barred with dusky; the bill shows two whitish 
bands; the female has white lores and throat. 
Nyroca ferina, the Pochard, which breeds not uncommonly 
in Britain, ranges from Iceland to Japan, and in winter to North 
Africa, India, and China; it has a chestnut head and neck, a black 
gorget, and upper parts finely freckled with black and white; the 
speculum is grey, the quill-feathers and rump are black, the lower 
parts greyish-white; the bill is black, banded with dull blue, and 
the feet are bluish. In the female, or Dunbird, the head, neck, and 
chest are dull reddish and the back browner. WV. americana, of 
North America, has a purple shade on the head and neck, a white 
belly, and no black at the base of the bill. The female has a grey- 
brown head. The larger NV. vallisneria, the Canvas-Back of the 
same country, which breeds in the north-west, has the crown and 
comparatively long bill black. The female has some white on the 
head and neck, and is vermiculated with white on the back. J. 
baeri, of Eastern Asia, has a green-black head and neck, but is 
chiefly brown, with a black-edged white speculum and whitish wing- 
quills, the female being duller with a chestnut cheek-patch. WV. 
africana, the White-eyed Duck of British Lists, breeds from Central 
Europe to the Mediterranean basin, and from the Ob Valley to 
Cashmere, wintering southwards to the Canaries, Abyssinia, and 
Arrakan. It has a chestnut head, neck, and chest, a white spot 
on the chin, blackish-brown upper parts, a brown collar, a black- 
edged white speculum, a little white on the primaries, and white 
lower surface, the bill and feet beimg plumbeous and the irides 
white. The female is duller with browner head. WV. innotata, of 
Madagascar, has a darker head and no chin-spot. V. australis, of 
most of the Australian Region, is not dissimilar, but has a brown tip 
