IV ANATIDAE 129 
holes in trees, on which it is quite at ease. Casarca rutila, the 
Ruddy Sheld-Drake or Brahminy Duck of South Europe, North 
Africa, and temperate Asia, which has strayed to Britain and winters 
in India, Burma, and Formosa, has a buff head, separated from the 
orange-brown body by a black collar in summer, white wing-coverts, 
black wing- and tail-quills, purple and green speculum, and black 
bill and feet. The female is lighter, with no collar. It frequents 
fresh water, grazes on corn and grass lke a goose, and breeds in 
holes of any sort. C. cana of South Africa differs in its grey head, 
rufous collar, and black vermiculations above, the female having 
the front of the head white. C. variegata of New Zealand is black 
relieved by grey, the neck being brown, the anal region and inner 
secondaries chestnut, the wing-coverts white, the speculum green. 
The hen-bird has the head white, the lower neck, back, and under 
parts chestnut, varied with black and white. C. tadornoides, of 
South and West Australia and Tasmania, has a glossy green head, 
white collar, rufous lower neck and chest, black body with fulvous 
mottlings, white wing-coverts, chestnut inner secondaries, and 
green speculum, the head of the female being brown. 
Chenalopex aegyptiaca, the “ Egyptian Goose,” found in Pales- 
tine and Africa, is rusty or buffish-grey, marked above with black, 
and with red, white, green, and black on the wing. The nape and 
collar are rufous; the breast shews a maroon patch, the bill is pink 
and black, the feet are pink. It has a loud, harsh ery, feeds on land, 
and lays rather small creamy eges in cavities of rocks, on trees, or 
even among rushes. (C. jubata, of Amazonia and Guiana, is grey, 
with greenish-black back, wings, and tail, ruddy mantle and belly, 
purplish-green wing-coverts, and white speculum. The sexes are 
alike in this genus and the next. 
In Dendrocycna, containing the Tree-Ducks, which occur mostly 
in the tropics, the main colour is chestnut or dusky-brown, with 
dark nape and black rump or belly; but the head may be lighter, 
the throat or wing-coverts varied with white, or the flanks barred 
with black and white. D. viduata, of the Ethiopian and Neo- 
tropical Regions, has the front of the head white; D. autwmnalis, 
of Central America, and D. discolor, its greyer representative in 
northern South America, have red bills and whitish feet; D. 
arborea, of the Bahamas and Antilles, has strongly spotted lower 
parts, as has the larger D. guttata, of Mindanao, Celebes, New 
Guinea, and the Moluccas ; D. fulva, of the Ethiopian, Neotropical, 
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