IV ANATIDAE I 35 
and caruncles on the forehead when present being red. The 
female has no knob. They frequent marshes, appear to prefer 
running to flying or perching, and lay about eight whitish eges. 
Sub-fam. 10. Anseranatinae.—This contains only Anseranas 
semipalmata of Australia and Tasmania, a white bird with black 
head, neck, mantle, wings, and tail, reddish beak, and yellow feet. 
It haunts swamps, walks easily, and deposits some five white eggs. 
Sub-fam. 11. Cygninae—In this group the sexes are similar. 
Coscoroba candida, of southern South America, is white, with black 
tips to the primaries, pinkish bill and feet. It feeds on land, has 
a loud trumpeting cry, and a less noisy flight than the true Swans, 
from which it differs in its feathered lores. Chenopis atrata, the 
Black Swan of Southern Australia and Tasmania, occasionally 
domesticated in England, is brownish-black, with white remiges, 
black feet, pink lores, and pink bill banded with white, the 
scapulars and inner secondaries being curled. 
Cygnus musicus, the Whooper, which used to breed in Orkney, 
and ranges from Iceland through Arctic Europe and Asia, migrat- 
ing to the Mediterranean, Nepal, China, and Japan, and straying 
to Greenland, is white with black feet and bill, the basal half of 
the latter being yellow, while that colour extends still further on 
the sides. The flight is accompanied by a rushing sound, the note 
is trumpet-like or whistling, the food consists of aquatic plants, the 
five or more white eggs are laid upon a pile of herbage near water. 
The smaller C. bewicki, where the yellow on the bill does not reach 
the nostrils, inhabits the Arctic districts from the White Sea to 
the Pacific, wandering in winter to Britain, the Mediterranean, 
South Siberia, China, and Japan. C. columbianus of North 
America, said to have occurred in Scotland, has merely a yellow 
spot before the eye; C. buccinator, of the interior of North 
America, has a black bill; while C. olov, the Mute or Tame Swan, 
with its variety the Polish Swan, has the fore-part of it orange. 
C. olor ranges from South Sweden and Denmark through Central 
Europe and Asia, migrating a little southwards. C. melanocory- 
phus, reaching from South Brazil and Chili to Patagonia and the 
Falklands, has the head and two-thirds of the neck black, with 
white eye-streak ; the bill is plumbeous with red base and knob, 
the feet are pinkish. The protuberance is wanting in the young, 
which are marked with rusty, and have the head brown. Of other 
Species immature birds are greyish or dusky, with flesh-coloured 
