IV FALCONIDAE 163 
upon the ground. 4. adalberti, the White-shouldered Eacle 
of Portugal, Spain, and North-West Africa — often wrongly 
called “ Imperial,’—preys upon lizards, snakes, hares and rabbits, 
which it usually spies from a perch on some bare tree-top. It is 
black, with brownish neck, greyish base to the tail, and a broad 
white shoulder-patch, whereas A. mogilnik, the true Imperial 
Eagle, ranging from Central Europe and North-East Africa to India 
and China, differs in having the head and neck creamy yellow, and 
only the scapulars white. A. rapax (naevioides), the Tawny Eagle 
of most of Africa, rarely found in Europe, is remarkable for the 
parti-coloured feathers of purplish-brown and rufous on the upper 
parts ; otherwise it is brown, slightly streaked with fulvous below. 
The smaller A. vindhiana and A. fulvescens of India are very like 
it, while A. verreauar of Abyssinia and South Africa is jet black 
with white rump and lower back. Uvoaétus audax of Australia 
and Tasmania is black, and has a wedge-shaped tail, the bright 
chestnut nape being streaked with black, and the head with white. 
Of the Sea Eagles, characterized by very large bills and nearly 
bare metatarsi, the biggest is the fish-eating Zhalassaétus pelagicus, 
brown in colour, with white cuneate tail, rump, thighs, and patch 
on the wing-coverts. It inhabits the coasts, lakes, and rivers of 
North East Asia, the Liu-Kiu Islands and Japan, rarely wandering 
to America. 7. branickii of Corea is slaty-black, with only the 
tail and its coverts white. Haliaétus albicilla, the Erne or Sea- 
Eagle, of which a few pairs remain in Shetland and the west of 
Scotland and Ireland, used to breed at least as far south in Ene- 
land as the Isle of Man and the Lake District, while in winter 
Immature or even adult specimens still frequently occur in 
various parts. Generally distributed over the Old World from 
Greenland to Kamtschatka, it breeds also in the Danube valley, 
Turkey, Greece, and Egypt, migrating to the Canary Islands, North 
Africa, Japan, China, and occasionally the Commander Islands. — It 
is brown with white tail, the full plumage not being attained for 
nearly six years; but very old examples become whitish on the 
head and neck. In most of its habits it resembles the Golden 
Eagle, though the note is shriller, and the food consists largely of 
fish, seized in the talons as it swoops down; it is said to be very 
destructive to lambs, and, as it eats carrion, it is readily poisoned. 
In Britain the eyries are now in precipitous sea-cliffs, but of old 
inland rocks and trees were utilized, as is the case abroad, while 
