Vv PEDIONOMIDAE 189 
and a rufous vent-region, 7. powelli of the Lesser Sunda Islands 
being similar. The males lack the rufous collar and barred 
throat. 7. sylvatica, of South Europe and Africa generally, has 
in both sexes dull reddish upper parts, barred with black and 
relieved by white, grey, and buff, which cause a scaly appearance ; 
the browner wings shew white spots, the centre of the crown and 
throat are white, the sides of the head, neck, and breast whitish 
with black spots, the mid-chest and abdomen ruddy and_ buff 
respectively. 7. dusswmiert, the smallest species known, occur- 
ring in India, Pegu, Hainan, and Formosa, differs in the wide 
yellowish margins of the scapuiars, a feature found also in the 
blacker 7. nana and 7. hottentotta of Africa, wherein the sides 
are barred. The former ranges from lat. 10° S. to the Great 
Karroo, and the latter southward of that district. 7. blanfordi 
is found east of the Bay of Bengal to Siam and Manchuria, 7. 
tanki in India and eastward to Tipperah, 7. albiventris in the 
Andamans and Nicobars; all being greyish above varied with 
black, and having the nape rufous in the female only. 7. macu- 
losa of Celebes, Scuthern New Guinea, and Australia, and 7" satu- 
rata of New Britain and the Duke of York group are similar, 
but exhibit yellow-edged scapulars; the latter possessing no 
rusty collar, but having a white throat in the male. 7”. ocellata 
of Luzon is a large greenish-brown species vermiculated with 
black, in which the neck and breast are bright ruddy, the crown 
is blackish banded with white, the throat and cheeks are chiefly 
black, and the wing-coverts show black ocelli with whitish 
margins. The male has the middle of the throat white and no 
rufous collar. 7” nigricollis of Madagascar is grey, black, reddish, 
and buff above, with much black and white on the head; and is 
uniform grey below, with black mid-throat and more or less 
ruddy sides. The throat is white in the male. The female of 
T. melanogaster of East Australia has both throat and breast 
black, with white markings on the latter, the male reversing the 
colours. Other Australian forms are 7. varia, with chestnut nuchal 
collar, black, white, and rufous upper, and grey and buff under parts; 
T. castanonota, with vinous red upper surface; 7. pyrrhothorax, 
chiefly greyish above and rusty buff below; and 7” velow, reddish- 
chestnut in colour with nearly white lower parts. In these four 
the sexes are alike. 7. /ewcogaster inhabits Central Australia. 
Fam. III. Pedionomidae.—Pedionomus torquatus differs in 
