274 CHARADRIIFORMES CHAP. 
the Ringed Plover. de. semipalmata, with a distinct web between 
the outer and middle toes, replaces the latter in North America, 
ranging in winter to Peru and Brazil; whereas Ae. placida repre- 
sents it in China, Japan, and India. The place of the Kentish 
Plover is taken in western North America by de. nivosa—with 
white lores instead of black—which migrates to Chil. de. voci- 
Sera, termed “ Kill-deer ” from its ery, habits North America, and 
extends in winter to northern South America, while it has been 
shot even in the Scilly Islands; the lores are brown, and the 
fore-neck exhibits two black bands. It nests in the interior on 
grass or ploughed fields. In Ae. monachus of Southern Austraha, 
the breeding male has a perfectly black head; in de. asiatica of 
Central Asia, which has wandered to Britain, the head is brown, 
and the breast shews a black-edged chestnut band, somewhat 
similar to that in Ae. bicincta of the Australian Region, and other 
species; Ae. bifrontata of Madagascar has grey lores, and two black 
bands on the breast. Space fails to mention all the species of 
this large three-toed genus; but de. (Zhinornis) novae zealandiae 
of the New Zealand area, Ae. falklandica of America from Chili 
and Argentina southwards, and de. sanctae helenae, the “ Wire- 
bird” peculiar to St. Helena, should be noticed. 
Anarhynchus frontalis, the Wry-bill of New Zealand, is grey, 
with a black gorget and 
whitish lower parts ; the 
habits are as in Aegia- 
litis, but the laterally- 
twisted bill enables the 
bird to pick up insects 
from around stones with 
the greatest ease. 
Thirteen species may 
perhaps be included in 
Lobivanellus  (Wattled 
Lapwing); but here, as 
in the next genus, Van- 
ellus, there are many diversities of opinion. The two groups are 
fairly similar in habits, nests, and eggs. Some have a hallux, some 
not. L. pectoralis of Australia and Tasmania, Z. indicus, ranging 
from Arabia and Mesopotamia to Cochin China, ZL. cinereus of 
China and Japan, which migrates as far as Bengal, Z. melano- 
Fic. 58.—Wry-bill. Anarhynchus frontalis. xz. 
