278 CHARADRIIFORMES CHAP. 
North America, migrating to Peru and Brazil, has a black occiput 
and nape; A. knudseni of the Sandwich Islands has the sides of 
the neck also black; HZ. brasiliensis of southern South America 
has the nape only black, with a white collar below; H. leuco- 
cephalus of Australia and New Zealand, which visits the Malay 
Islands, the Philippines, the Moluccas and Papuasia, is similar, 
but the black does not reach the eye; H. melas of New Zealand 
is uniform black. H. (Cladorhynchus) pectoralis of Southern 
Australia has webbed feet like the four-toed Avocets, though itself 
three-toed lke other Stilts, from which a bay pectoral band 
distinguishes it. Of the Avocets with their curious up-curved 
beak, Recurvirostra andina, ot the Chilian Andes, alone resembles 
the Stilts in possessing a black mantle. £. avocetta, which bred 
in England until at least 1824, now ranges from Denmark and 
Holland to Mongoha and South Africa, though decidedly local ; in 
Asia it migrates southwards to Ceyion and Hainan. The plumage 
is white, with the crown, nape, inner scapulars, and part of the 
wings black, the legs hght blue. It is called Cobbler’s Awl, from 
its long, flexible bill, or Yelper, from its loud clear cry. Its general 
habits and shght nest recall those of Plovers, though the eggs are 
larger; while it seeks for aquatic creatures, in shallows or pools 
left by the tide, with a curious scooping sidelong action of the 
beak. &. americana, with a pale rufous head and neck, inhabits 
temperate America, extending in winter to the West Indies and 
Guatemala: A. rubricollis (novae hollandiae), with those portions 
chestnut, ranges from Australia, where it breeds, to New Zealand. 
Sub-fam. 2—The 7ringinae of the present work—four-toed 
unless otherwise stated—are often separated into the groups 
Phalaropodinae, Totaninae, and Tringinae proper ; the first being 
remarkable for the Coot-like digits with lobed webs. Phalaropus 
fulicarius, the Grey Phalarope, which visits us in winter, and 
has even reached Chili and New Zealand, breeds in Spitsbergen, 
Iceland, Greenland, Arctic America, and Asia. It is blackish and 
chestnut above and rufous below, with a little white on the face, 
wings, and tail; but the plumage differs remarkably in winter, the 
upper parts becoming grey witha black nuchal patch, and the lower 
white. As in all the genus, the female is said to court the male, 
which is duller, and performs most of the duties of incubation. The 
egos are larger and rounder than in the next species, the nest less 
concealed. 2. (Lobipes) hyperboreus, the Red-necked Phalarope, 
