308 CHARADRIIFORMES CHAP. 
the last group in having no hood and a white tail; but here the 
young have the head and tail-coverts unspotted. To this belong 
L. bulleri of New Zealand, the Chatham and Auckland Islands, with 
black bill and feet, which haunts inland rivers; and also four 
marine forms with crimson bill and feet. These are LZ. scopulinus 
of New Zealand, the Chatham and Auckland Islands; the larger 
L. novae hollandiae of Australia, Tasmania, and New Caledonia; the 
South African L. hartlaubi, found in Madagascar; and L. gelastes, 
ranging from North-West Africa and the Mediterranean to the 
Caspian and Sind, which lays its Tern-like eggs on sand-banks. 
The third section differs in having a subterminal black band 
on the tail, and, in the young, an irregularly striated hood. ZL. 
crassirostris, of the Chinese and Japanese Seas, has the base 
of the tail and the under parts white, the bill yellow, banded 
with red and black, the feet yellowish; Z. belcheri, of Peru and 
Chil, has a blackish mantle and stouter beak; ZL. heermani of 
western North America has the tail black except for a white tip, 
a erey lower surface, red bill, and black feet; LZ. modestus, also of 
Peru and Chili, differing in its decidedly grey tail and black beak. 
The last-named is a connecting link with the fourth section, 
containing the Hooded Gulls; that is, those with hoods in mature 
plumage, but no marked hood in the young. Of these, all except the 
first three have the mantle grey and the head more or less white in 
winter ; they are rather small birds, which chiefly inhabit the north, 
commonly breed in marshes, and utter a shrill querulous ery. 
L. fuliginosus of the Galapagos, and L. leucophthalmus of the 
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, are deep lead-coloured above with black 
head; but the former is grey below with no admixture of white, 
while the latter has a white nuchal collar, as has the much 
browner ZL. hemprichi, extending from East Africa to Bombay. 
L. cirrocephalus otf Brazil, Argentina, and West and Central East 
Africa, which occurs in Peru and Natal, has a pale grey head; 
whereas a brown hood distinguishes LZ. brunneicephalus of Central 
and in winter Southern—Asia, LZ. maculipennis, ranging 
from Brazil to Patagonia and Chili, LZ. glaucodes of Chil, 
Patagonia, and the Falklands, and LZ. ridibundus, the British 
Black-headed or Peewit Gull, which occupies Europe and tem- 
perate Asia, migrating to North Africa, India, and China. 
These four differ considerably in the pattern of the primaries,’ 
1 See Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv. 1896, pp. 171, 200-219. 
