338 CHARADRIIFORMES CHAP. 
and grey under parts; the head is finely varied with jet-black and 
pure white, the secondaries shew patches of metallic-purple, 
and the primaries have white tips and partly rufous inner webs. 
The female is much duller. It is essentially a Ground-Pigeon, 
and breeds on the bare soil of the plains; but the flight is 
much stronger than might be expected, as is also the case with 
Geophaps.  Phaps chalcoptera and P. elegans, of Australia and 
Tasmania, in their mode of hfe resemble the preceding, though 
the latter species is the more terrestrial, while both usually build in 
low trees or bushes. P. chalcoptera, the Common Bronze-wing, 
is extremely handsome, the greyish-brown upper surface being 
relieved by a purple band on the crown and most brillant bronze 
and green spots upon the wing; the breast is pinkish, the 
throat white, and the forehead white with a wash of yellow. 
The inner webs of the remiges are partly rufous. P. elegans, the 
Brush Bronze-wing, is a shorter-winged bird, with chestnut 
throat and grey breast. Henicophaps albifrons of New Guinea 
and the adjacent western islands has the forehead whitish, the 
neck and under parts rich reddish-purple, the back blue-black, the 
wines glossed with golden-green and bronze, and their coverts 
margined with chestnut. The beak is longer and stouter than 
in the allied forms, and the bird is partly arboreal. Calopelia 
puella of West Africa is a fine cinnamon-coloured bird, with 
blue head and iridescent green spots on the wings. Of Chalco- 
phaps, ranging from India, Burma, and South China, through the 
islands to Australia and the New Hebrides, Count Salvadori makes 
two divisions, though the species are little more than local races. 
Of the first of these, with golden-green mid-back and scapulars, 
C’. indica, the Emerald Dove or Beetle-wing, may be taken as 
typical; the head is blue with white forehead and sides, the 
upper back is purplish, the wing-coverts golden-green, the lower 
back bronzy with two grey bars, the rump nearly black, and the 
under parts purplish-pink. The female is brown and somewhat 
redder below, with grey forehead. This species covers nearly 
the whole range of the genus, but only stretches eastward to 
Geelvink Bay in New Guinea. (C. chrysochlora reaches from 
Timor to the New Hebrides; C. sanghirensis occurs in Great 
Sanghir Island; C. natalis in Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. 
C. stephani, of Celebes and Papuasia, and C. mortoni, of the Solomon 
Islands, constitute the second division, where the mid-back and 
