344 CHARADRIIFORMES CHAP. 
C. leucocephala, and so forth, are Wood-Pigeons; C. livia, C. 
schimperi, C. affinis, C. intermedia, and C. leuconota are true Rock- 
Pigeons; C. oenas and its nearest allies being somewhat inter- 
mediate. C. rujina, extending from Guatemala to Peru and Brazil, 
and C. speciosa, ranging further north to Mexico, are especially 
ruddy ; C. canthina, of Japan and the Liu-Kiu Islands, is unusually 
metallic ; C. grisea, of Borneo and Sumatra, is mainly light grey ; 
C. polleni, of the Comoro Islands, olive-brown; C. arquatriz, of 
Eastern and South-Western Africa, is flecked with white above 
and below; C. speciosa, only on the hind neck; C. guinea, of 
Western and North-Eastern Africa, has bifurcated neck-feathers 
and triangular white wing-spots; C. leucocephala, of the Florida 
Keys, Bahamas, Antilles, and Honduras, and C. leucomela, of East 
Australia, have the crown, and the latter the neck and under parts 
white; C. leuconota, the “Snow-Pigeon” of Kashmir, Yarkand, 
and Tibet, has the neck, lower back, and breast white; 
C. palumbus, our Ring-Dove, Wood-Pigeon, Cushat, or Queest, 
the habits of which are universally known, extends through the 
Palaearctic Region from Madeira and the Azores to Persia; it 
differs from the smaller and darker Stock-Dove (C. oenas), of the 
same Region eastward to Turkestan, by the white patches on the 
sides of its neck and the white wing-bar. C. livia, the Rock- 
Dove, from which our domestic races have sprung, is easily 
distinguishable from other British species by the white rump and 
the two black alar bands. The breeding habits of our native birds, 
and the damage done by flocks of Wood-Pigeons, partly composed 
of immigrants, have already been mentioned (p. 328). Columba 
laurivora and C. bollii, which lays but one egg, are peculiar to 
the Canary Islands; C. trocaz to Madeira, C. torringtoniae to Ceylon, 
C. palumboides to the Andamans and Nicobars, C. metallica to 
Timor, C. gymnophthalma, apparently to Curacao, Aruba, and 
Bonaire, and several forms to Samoa, the Liu-Kiu, Bonin, Fiji, 
and other groups. C. araucana reaches the Straits of Magellan. 
Gymnophaps albertisi, of New Guinea, 1s grey, with whitish 
breast, purplish-chestnut under parts elsewhere,and naked red orbits. 
Sub-fam. 4. Zreroninae.—This includes the Fruit-Pigeons in 
the widest sense, natives of the Old World, of which the bigger are 
contained in the first eight genera. Hemiphaga novae zealandiqe, 
of New Zealand, is green, with brilliant coppery reflexions, 
brownish-purple back, and white abdomen; HH. spadicea, ot 
