y COLUMBIDAE 349 
terminal bar on the lateral feathers. The small 0. olax of the 
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, has the back maroon, 
the head and neck grey. 0. pompadora of Ceylon has the fore- 
head and throat yellow, the mantle maroon, and the median 
rectrices green. O. aromatica of Bouru differs in having no 
yellow forehead, and the bend of the wing blackish. 
Treron nipalensis and the very closely allied 7. nasica are 
found from Bengal and Nepal to the Indo-Malay Islands, the 
Philippines, and Cochin-China; they have gréy heads, chestnut 
mantles, black wings with yellow edges to the coverts and 
secondaries, cinnamon under tail-coverts, grey lateral rectrices 
banded with black, and green plumage elsewhere. Butreron 
capellit, of the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring islands, has the 
head and upper parts greyish-gfeen, the wings nearly as in the 
last species, the throat and abdomen yellowish-green, the breast 
orange, and the under tail-coverts chestnut. 
Crocopus, with its three similar members, extends from India 
and Ceylon to Cochin-China. C. chlorigaster has a grey head 
and tail, a yellowish-green neck and under surface, a grey band 
across the mantle, a yellow alar bar, an olive-green back and 
rump, a purple patch at the bend of the wing, and rufous and 
white lower tail-coverts. 3 
Half a dozen species of Vinago range from Senegambia and 
Abyssinia to Madagascar and Cape Colony. V. waalia, found 
from West to North-East Africa, has a greenish-grey head and 
neck, olive upper parts, blackish-brown remiges with yellow outer 
margins, a rich vinous patch on the wing-coverts, a slaty-blue 
tail, a bright yellow breast, and a buff abdomen. JV. calva, of 
the Ethiopian Region northward of Angola and the Zambesi, has 
a curious bare forehead and frontal swelling, a yellowish-green 
head, neck, and lower surface, and a grey collar at the base of 
the hind-neck. V. erassirostris is confined to St. Thomas and 
Rollas Islands, West Africa; V. australis to Madagascar. Spheno- 
cercus, With some eight members, having wedge-shaped tails and a 
general resemblance in colour, reaches from North India, Sumatyra, 
Borneo, and Java, to Japan and Formosa. 8S. sphenurus, of the 
Himalayas and the Burmese countries, has the head, neck, and under 
parts greenish-yellow with a rufous tinge, the back purplish- and 
bluish-green, the rump and wing-coverts olive with a maroon 
patch on the latter, and the remiges slaty-black with yellow 
