390 CORACIIFORMES CHAP. 
rose-pink breast, black markings on the sides of the head, 
and black tips to the remiges and rectrices. I/elittophagus gularis 
of West Africa is glossy black above, with bright blue on the fore- 
head, rump, wings and median tail-feathers ; the throat is crimson, 
the lower surface black with blue streaks; the wing-quills are 
for the most part rufous margined with black. 
The Old World Families Bucerotidae and Upupidae are united 
under the latter appellation by Dr. Gadow,' who recognises the 
Sub-famihes Bucerotinae or Hornbills, Vpupinae or Hoopoes, and 
Trrisorinae or Wood-Hoopoes; but the two aforesaid groups should 
decidedly be kept separate. 
Fam. V. Bucerotidae.—The Hornbills derive their name from 
the immensely developed bill and casque, or helmet, found in such 
forms as Buceros (p. 395), though the excrescence in Aceros and 
some species of Lophoceros is rudimentary. It may be mentioned 
that the huge beak of the Toucans denotes no affinity to this 
eroup. The casque—open in front 1m Buco7vus—is more or less 
filled with cellular bony tissue, or with an almost sold mass of bony 
columns in Linoplax ; the mandibles are occasionally serrated. 
The metatarsi are short, save in the terrestrial Aucorvus, and 
are rough and scaly ; the toes have broad flat soles, the second and 
third being united for one phalanx,the third and fourth still further. 
The powerful wings have eleven primaries, and from ten to sixteen 
secondaries, while the under coverts do not perfectly cover the base 
of the quills. The tail has ten rectrices and is usually long, though 
shorter in Bucorvus ; it is either square or graduated, and has the 
two median feathers much elongated in Lhinoplax and Ortholo- 
phus. ‘The furcula is U-shaped, the tongue rudimentary; the after- 
shaft is wanting; there is no down on the adults or callow young ; 
and the eyelashes are prominent, a rare feature among birds. In 
most forms the atlas (p. 5) fuses with the axis. 
These arboreal birds, termed “Calaos” in French, frequent deep 
tall jungle or cultivated districts near rivers, up to five thousand 
feet ; most, if not all, of the species descending from the trees in 
the morning and evening, when they have been observed bathing 
in streams, and digging up loose soil with their beaks. BLucorvus 
spends much of the day upon the ground searching for food. The 
flight, often prolonged to considerable distances, is heavy and slow, 
1 Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil, pp. 233-235. The Hoopoes used once 
be considered Passerine. 
