474 PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 
The Taeniopterinae, which are generaily black, grey, and white, 
frequent the open parts of wooded districts, river-sides, or excep- 
tionally marshes, in South America, a few of them extending north 
of Panama; the Elaineinae and Platyrhynchinae are olive, grey, 
brown, and yellow, and inhabit dense forests from South Mexico to 
Patagonia, Ornithion imberbe ranging as far north as Texas; the 
Tyranninae—with many large species—normally exhibit olive, grey, 
yellow, or white in varying proportions, and include most of the 
Nearctic genera,such as Contopus, Empidonax, Myiarchus,and Tyran- 
nus, as well as many Neotropical forms, and the entirely Antillean 
Blacicus and Lawrencia. Erectile crests occur in some cases in 7'yran- 
nulus, Cnipolequs, Colopterus, Pseudotriccus, Lophotriccus, Machetor- 
nis, Muscivora, Empidonax, Anaeretes, Elainea, Pyrocephalus, Myio- 
bius, and Mitrephanes ; white eye-rings are found in Huscarthmus 
zosterops, E. orbitatus, and Capsiempis orbitalis ; a fleshy yellow car- 
uncle surrounds each eye in Lichenops ; and in the breeding male 
of Alectrurus risorius the throat and cheeks shew bare orange skin. 
The following are examples of the coloration, which is often 
similar in both sexes. Zyrannus pipiri, the King-bird of tem- 
perate North America, ranging to Peru in winter, is dark grey, 
with a concealed orange patch on the black crown, black and 
white wings and tail, and white under parts.  Pyrocephalus 
rubineus, of South America north of Buenos Aires, is dark 
cinereous with crimson head and lower surface, the female being 
grey above, and chiefly white below with grey stripes. JZuscivora 
regia of Guiana and Amazonia is brown, with a scarlet crest tipped 
with purplish, and has ochraceous under parts with brownish bars. 
The crest is yellower in the hen. Iegarhynchus pitangua, of Central 
and South America to Paraguay, is brown, with yellow lower 
surface, a black head, white superciliary streaks joining on the nape, 
a concealed orange coronal patch, and a white throat.  Hlainea 
pagana, ranging from South Mexico to Brazil, is dull olive above, 
and greyish-white below with yellow belly ; a spot on the crown 
and two alar bars being white. Cyanotis azarae of La Plata, Chih, 
and West Peru has bronzy-green upper and yellow lower surface, 
with a partial black band beneath and a crimson vent; the head 
is black with a crimson spot, the wings and tail are black and 
white. Zodirostrum cinereum of Central America and eastern 
South America is greyish above and yellow below, with black 
crown, wings, and tail, the primaries having yellow edges and 
