vir OXYRHAMPHIDAE—PIPRIDAE Aga 
in bushes, forks, or outgrowths of trees. Copurus, Taenioptera, 
Machetornis, and Myiarchus commonly use old holes of Wood- 
peckers ; Todirostrum and Fluvicola often make hanging purse-like 
structures; Cyanotis attaches its conical nest of papery reeds to 
the stems of those plants; Serpophaga frequently suspends its 
domicile to twigs, roots, or grasses overhanging water ; Alectrurus, 
Lichenops, Hapalocercus, and Centrites build in rush- or grass-tufts, 
and Muscisaxicola under stones. Taenioptera and Machetornis, 
moreover, will lay in the “ovens” of Furnarius, or im the nests of 
Anumbius acuticaudus (pp. 486, 487).  Muscivora mexicana 
makes a curious hanging spindle-shaped nest, surrounded by 
loose materials. The eggs are usually whitish, salmon- or cream- 
coloured, and may be unspotted, or dotted and ringed with red, 
purple, or brown; those of Pyrocephalus rubineus have black 
and grey markings, those of MWachetornis dense brown stripes or 
spots, those of Myiarchus tangled purple or red-brown lines and 
marblings, while those of Centrites niger are plain bluish-green. 
Fam. V. Oxyrhamphidae.-—The members differ from the 7yran- 
nidae in the straight bill, and the serrated outer web of the tenth 
primary of the male. The sole genus Oxyrhamphus has three 
greenish forms, with red crests, and black-spotted yellow or white 
lower parts. 
Fam. VI. Pipridae.—The Manakins, often considered a sub- 
section of the Cotingidae, are for the most part small thick-set 
birds, though Heteropelma and some other genera have greater 
dimensions. The seventy or more species may be divided into the 
Sub-famihes, Prprinae, with briluant males, and Ptilochlorinae, 
where the sexes are usually dull-coloured and similar;’ the 
former ranging from South Mexico to North Argentina, the 
latter to South-East Brazil. The curved bill is generally short 
and wide at the base in the Piprinae, with an indistinct terminal 
notch; but is somewhat elongated, much compressed, decidedly 
notched, and usually provided with rictal bristles in the Ptilo- 
chlorinae. The metatarsus is exaspidean (p. 473 )—though nearly 
smooth in Metopothrix and Masius—and is comparatively slender 
in most of the Piprinae, stronger in the Ptilochlorinae, Piprites, 
and Ceratopipra ; the outer and mid-toes being partially united. 
The exterior of the ten primaries is always short, while the wing 
is much elongated in Chloropipo ; the secondaries are nine or ten. 
1 Cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888, p. 282. 
