ae COTINGIDAE 479 
chloris squamata is in both sexes olive-green, with blackish cap 
and wings, and yellowish under parts marked with black ; others 
again of the Ptilochlorinae are chiefly olive or rufous,’ three species 
of Heteropelma having concealed coronal patches of yellow. 
Manakins as a rule inhabit deep forests, or thick undergrowth 
near marshes, where they incessantly creep about the branches 
like Tits, and take short flights after passing insects. Chiroxi- 
phia caudata is called in Brazil the “ Fandango-bird,’ from the 
fact that one individual often sits and sings, while its fellows 
dance up and down to the music. Two males of C. linearis 
have been seen skipping before a female, and uttering meanwhile 
their cry of “to-le-do.” Chiromachaeris makes a sound like a whip 
cracking, followed by a continuous rattle—possibly caused by the 
wings; but this noise seems peculiar to the genus, the usual cry 
being loud and whistling. Fruits of all sorts, especially berries 
and seeds, and occasionally insects, form the food. Chiromachaeris 
manacus and Chiroxiphia caudata hang loose, shallow nests of 
grass—the latter with shght additions of wool, hair, tendrils, and 
leaves—from the forks of low shrubs; the two eggs beimg reddish- 
or yellowish-white, thickly blotched with red or brown. 
Fam. VII. Cotingidae.— This group, divided by Mr. Sclater ° 
into the Sub-families 7ityrinae, Lipauginae, Attilinae, Rupicolinae, 
Cotinginae, and Gymnoderinae,contains more than a hundred species; 
but the Aftilinae are sometimes placed in the Tyrannidae or the 
Formicariidae, Jodopleura and Calyptura in the Pipridae. The 
range extends from South Mexico to Argentina, Carpodectes being 
restricted to Costa Rica and Nicaragua, Phoenicocercus, Haemato- 
derus, and Gymnocephalus to Guinea and Amazonia, Doliornis to 
Central Peru, Zijuca, Phibalura, and Calyptura to South Brazil. 
The bill varies from strong, elongated, compressed, and 
curved, as in 7ijuca, the Tityrinae and Attilinae, to short and 
broad, as in Phibalura, Querula, and Chasmorhynchus ; the 
culmen being particularly elevated in Gymnoderus, and much 
hooked in the Attilinae. The metatarsus, scutellated in front, 
and usually covered with small round scales behind (pycnas- 
pidean), is especially strong in Pyroderus and Rupicola, partly 
feathered in the latter, and posteriorly corrugated in Lipaugus ; 
while 4¢ti/a and other kindred forms have the outer toes some- 
1 P. buckleyi has curious long filaments on the head of the young. Sclater and 
Salvin, P.Z.S. 1880, p. 158. 2 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. 1888, p. 326. 
? . 
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