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PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 
what connected. The wings may be long, as in Carpodectes and 
Todopleura, or short as in Phoenicocercus and Calyptura; the 
ten primaries, of which the outer is small, are much reduced 
and twisted in Chirocylla—particularly in the male; in that sex 
of Rupicola some have the inner web cut away at the tip, while 
the external secondaries have the outer vanes filamentous; the 
Tityrinae have the ninth primary abbreviated and often scimetar- 
shaped; the seventh has a terminal horny process in the male of 
Phoenicocercus. The secondaries are ten or eleven. In Avpholena 
the greater coverts are stiff and elongated. The tail of twelve 
rectrices is usually moderate and square; though very short in the 
Cotinginae, long in 7%juca, deeply forked in Phibalura, and nearly 
hidden by its coverts in Cotinga amabilis. Bristles surround 
the gape in the Lipauginae and Attilinae, but vary elsewhere ; 
Rupicoia has a large compressed crest, Cephalopterus (Fig. 105), 
one like an umbrella, Phoenicocercus, Doliormis, Helvochera, Calyptura, 
and Phibalura moderate tufts. Wattles and naked areas occur in 
Chasmorhynchus and Cephalopterus ; some species of Zityra have 
the lores and orbits bare; Gymnoderus has the sides of the head 
and the whole neck, Gymnocephalus the entire head unfeathered. 
The plumage is ordinarily plain rufous, green, or grey; the 
females being nearly always dull, though many of the males are 
very brilliant. Among these 77%tyra exhibits black and white hues, 
Hadrostomus is chiefly grey or black, with a rosy band below in 
three cases, Pachyrhamphus is green, black, yellow, rufous, or grey, 
sometimes varied with white. Zathria streptophora has a pink 
collar, Awlia irregular black spots below. Phoenicocercus carnifea 
is dark brown, with scarlet crown, rump, most of the tail and 
under parts; Rupicola crocea, the well-known Cock of the Rock, 
is bright orange, with brown and white wings and partly blackish 
rectrices; Phibalura flavirostris 1s black and yellow with con- 
cealed scarlet crest ; Zijuca is black, with yellow on the wing; 
Ampelion is green, reheved by brown, black, and yellow ; Pipreola 
is green, with black, scarlet, yellow, or orange markings on the 
throat or breast; Cotinga exhibits splendid blue and _ purple 
tints; VWipholena pompadora has an unusual reddish-purple hue, 
coupled with almost white wings. Carpodectes 1s snowy white, 
with leaden-coloured or yellow bill; Heliochera has black, grey, 
white, or yellow coloration, with a chestnut crest; Jodopleura 
shews a lilac tuft on each side of the breast; and Calyptura 
