482 PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 
The habits of these woodland birds are comparatively little 
known, but most of them frequent high trees, though some 
prefer low bushes; such forms as Lipaugus and Heteropelma 
haunt dense forests, Pipreola and Phibalura more open situations, 
while small flocks often occur at considerable elevations, Helio- 
chera reaching ten thousand feet. Cephalopterus ornatus loves 
islands in rivers, Chasmorhynchus and Xenopsaris marshy glades 
or even sedge-crowth. The flight, usually of short duration, is 
heavy and noisy in Pipreola and elsewhere, Swallow-like in Phiba- 
lura; insects are often captured on the wing, and not only these 
but spiders, molluscs, and even lizards, are occasionally sought 
upon the ground. Berries, seeds, and the like, however, constitute 
Fic. 104.—Bell-bird. Chasmorhynchus niveus. x2. (From Waterton’s Wanderings.) 
the chief food. Cephalopterus and Hadrostomus, at least occa- 
sionally, beat their prey upon a branch before swallowing it. 
The members of this Family are usually somewhat shy and dull, 
but the males of Rupicola were observed by Schomburgk to dance 
in turn with outspread wings before an assembled flock, strut- 
ting and parading with frequent leaps. This bird is credited 
with a voice like a monkey ; Chasmorhynchus niveus is termed 
Campanero or Bell-bird from its clear, bell-like note, uttered 
with the caruncle erected, while its congeners have also ringing 
cries ; Cephalopterus gives vent to long deep “ lowings ” at sunrise 
and sunset. Zityra semifasciata utters frog-like sounds, Pachy- 
rhamphus a loud whistle, and other species notes resembling those 
of Tanagers, Tyrants, or Wrens. Rupicola fastens a nest of mud, 
surmounted by twigs and lined with moss, to projections of rocks 
