504 PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 
materials, frequently bedded with fur, wool, or feathers, as in 
Crateropus, Paradoxornis, and Trochalopterwum—several pairs of 
the last-named occasionally using the same tree; or it may be a 
domed mass of grass, leaves, bark, and moss, situated on or near 
the ground, as in Timelia, Orthonyx, Pomatorhinus, Pellorneum, 
and Rhopocichla. Lioptila and some of its nearest allies build 
a mossy cup, adorned with cobwebs, in high firs or other trees. 
The eggs of Crateropus and Argya are deep greenish-blue, glossy 
and spotless; those of Garrulaxz are similar, or pale blue or white ; 
those of Dryonastes light blue; those of Pomatorhinus, Stachyris, 
Orthonyx, and Xiphorhamphus white; those of Paradoxornis 
whitish, with yellow-brown and purple markings. The ground- 
colour is frequently greenish-blue, olive, brown, salmon, creamy, 
or white, and shews scattered or dense spots, streaks, freckles, 
blotches, or even hieroglyphics, of reddish, purplish, chocolate, 
olive, grey, or occasionally black. The coloration, however, is by 
no means constant in each genus, while the number varies from 
two to five or six. The Australian Pomatorhini fashion large 
domed nests, after the manner of Magpies, of twigs lined with 
bark and feathers, and add a spout-lke entrance, while several 
are commonly found at the ends of the branches of the same tree ; 
their buff or purplish eggs, clouded with brown and purple, and 
streaked with black hair-lines, number from four to ten. 
Fam. V. Pycnonotidae.—The Bulbuls, often included among 
the Timelidae, have a fairly long bill, usually somewhat stout and 
curved, which is Finch-like in Spizizus, very long and thin in 
Phyllostrephus, and so forth. The maxilla is generally notched, 
being minutely serrated in Andropadus, and decidedly hooked in 
Tricholestes, Aethorhynchus, and T'richophoropsis ; while strong or 
weak rictal bristles are ordinarily present. The abreviated meta- 
tarsi lack scales in several genera. The wings are normally short, 
rounded, and concave—though more pointed in Hypsipetes and 
Trena (if these really belong to the Family), Hemixus, Alcurus, 
and L[xocincla or even long in 7'ylas—the secondaries are much 
elongated in <Aethorhynchus. The tail is sometimes square or 
eraduated, but is commonly rounded, being rarely forked, as in 
Hypsipetes ; 11 Irena and Micropus the coverts are much length- 
ened, while they nearly equal the rectrices in J. erinigera. Crests 
occur frequently, the constituent feathers in Aleurus being obtuse, 
in Criniger long and pointed, in Otocompsa somewhat recurved. 
