VII PYCNONOTIDAE 505 
Most of the Family are characterized by long, fluffy rump-plumage 
and conspicuous nuchal or dorsal hairs, the latter reaching their 
highest development in Z'richolestes. The feathers hide the 
nostrils in Jrena and Spizivus ; Poliolophus has a yellow circum- 
ocular wattle, and several species of Pycnonotus possess fleshy 
eyelids of black, red, or grey. 
The usual coloration 1s olive-brown, olive-green, or olive-yellow, 
commonly with wholly or partially yellow, white, greyish, or 
even orange, rufous, and buff under parts; Hypsipetes perniger is 
entirely black, Wicropus melanoleucus black with white wing-spots, 
and many species are mottled with yellowish or white.  Zrachy- 
comus has a yellow cap of decomposed bristly feathers; while 
elsewhere the head or the throat is often more or less black, brown, 
chestnut, grey, and rarely yellow or white. The tail and rump may 
be rufous, yellow, or orange, occasionally barred with black ; and 
white or yellow markings frequently adorn the wings. Otocompsa 
shews crimson or scarlet ear-tufts, and crimson or yellow under 
tail-coverts ; certain species of Pycnonotus have the latter scarlet, 
orange, or yellow; Ruhigula has loose, stiff, scarlet plumage on 
the throat, and an orange under surface. Ch/oropsis is green and 
yellow, relieved by orange, blue, purple and black, and exhibits < 
conspicuous blue, purple, or emerald shoulder-patch, except in C. 
cyanopogon and C. flavipennis ; Aegithina and Aethorhynchus are 
green, black, and yellow; while Zrena (the Fairy Blue-bird) is either 
briliant turquoise, with black wings, tail, and under parts, or 
purple-blue, varied by cobalt above, with or without a black mantle 
and under surface. The bill and legs range from brown, black, or 
plumbeous, to coral red, orange, yellow, or whitish. The sexes are 
sunilar, except in Aegithina, Aethorhynchus, Chloropsis, and Irena. 
From their headquarters in the Indian and Indo- Malay 
countries, the Pycnonotidae extend to China, Hainan, Formosa, 
and the Moluccas, Hypsipetes even reaching Japan; they also 
occupy the whole Ethiopian Region, with Madagascar and the 
neighbouring islands. To these latter Zvocincla and Tylas (p. 535) 
are peculiar; while Pycnonotus, Criniger and Xenocichla inhabit 
both of the above Regions, and the first is found from Morocco 
to the Cyclades, Rhodes, Cyprus, and Palestine. 
Bulbuls are gregarious arboreal birds of feeble flight, rarely 
seen upon the ground, where they move with awkward shuffles or 
short hops. The majority are sociable, and frequent gardens, 
