VII TURDIDAE 513 
of the latter one has a black mark on the breast, as has a fourth 
form with a white lower surface. 
In the Thamnobiae the sexes are alike, or the females duller. 
The colour, as in Callene and Copsychus, may be dull blue and 
cobalt, purplish- or bluish-black, or bluish-grey, often with white 
rump; or,as in Cossypha and Thamnobia, grey, brown or blackish, 
with orange-chestnut or rufous rump, tail, and abdomen. Stripes 
of black and white often adorn the face, the ruddy hue occasionally 
tinges the breast, nape, or wing, while a blue alar patch or a white 
head occur exceptionally. Cittocincla is intermediate in colora- 
tion; Alethe is chiefly chestnut or rufescent-olive above, but grey 
and white or creamy buff below, with orange crown in two cases. 
Turnagra has brown upper parts with reddish tail, and the lower 
surface either grey with white throat, or whitish with dusky 
stripes ; Cichladusa is similar, or has buff under parts, with black 
spots and gular crescent. All the above frequently exhibit white 
on the wings or tail. ZLamprolia is velvety-black, with blue 
spangles on the head and neck, and white rump-region ; Zarsiger 
is either blue above, varied with black, white, olive, or yellow, 
and with more or less orange below, or lacks the blue entirely. 
Aedonopsis and Phaeornis are brown, with grey and white under 
parts. 
In the Turdinae the young are constantly spotted, as opposed 
to the Sylviinae. 
Sub-fam. 2. Myiodectinae-—These birds differ from the Zwr- 
dinae in their short, somewhat depressed bills, and strong rictal 
bristles. JJ/yiodectes and Cichlopsis are in both sexes fairly uniform 
brown, grey, or blackish, with a grey lower surface, and occasionally 
chestnut or orange throat and belly; one species of the former, 
however, is cinnamon, with black head and under parts, and a 
white band across the cheeks. 
Sub-fam. 3. Sylviinae.—Besides the typical Warblers are here 
included most of Dr. Sharpe’s groups Bradypteri and Cisticolae,’ but 
not, of course, the American “ Warblers” (Wniotiltidae). They differ 
from the Turdinae in being smaller, with the bill usually weak and 
slender, though it is very stout in Rhopophilus and Arundinaa ; 
a few genera shew strong rictal hairs; while Regulus has the nostrils 
covered by one or more peculiar bristly feathers. The metatarsus 
is sometimes scutellated anteriorly ; the wings are comparatively 
1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vii. 1883, pp. x. xi. (Timeliidae). 
VOL. IX 21 
