550 PASSERIFORMES CHAP. 
and Paradigalla ; below the colour is rufous, buff, grey, yellowish 
or white, with bars, stripes, or chevrons of blackish or brown. In 
the female of Schlegelia the bare head is duller than in the male, 
while a little red and gold shews above; the hen of Ptilorhynchus 
exhibits grey-green and brown tints; the sexes are almost alike in 
Phonygammus, Manucodia, Lycocorax, and Aeluredus; in Para- 
disornis the female has blue wings and tail. Young birds usually 
resemble their mother; but with regard to their progress to maturity, 
the elongation and abrasion of the webs of the median rectrices, 
and the growth of the decorative tufts, the works of Mr. Wallace,’ 
Dr. Guillemard,? and Mr. Rothschild? should be consulted. 
Except in the Bower-birds the habits vary but little. Para- 
dise-birds are lively and active, shy though curious, taking refuge in 
the thick foliage when disturbed ; small flocks are not unfrequently 
observed, usually of one species, while for considerable periods the 
males appear to live apart. Closely wooded hills and ravines are 
the chief resorts, Fulcinellus, Astrapia, Lophorhina, Diphyllodes, 
and the like preferring the inland heights of New Guinea up to 
an altitude of about nine thousand feet, Parotia of that country 
and Séenopoeetes of Queensland range to about four thousand feet ; 
but such forms as Cicinnurus, Xanthomelus, Phonygammus, Ptilo- 
rhis, and the Australian Cat-birds and Bower-birds, occupy lower 
elevations on the coast or elsewhere. Falcinellus, Astrapia, Para- 
disea, Parotia, Ptilorhis, Sericulus, and doubtless others, love high 
tree-tops ; Semioptera, Cicinnurus, and so forth, live nearer to the 
ground. The brief flight is rapid, though undulating and often 
heavy; in Cicinnurus it is noisy, in Ptilorhis the sound pro- 
duced resembles the rustling of silk. Most species hop constantly 
about the boughs; Paradigalla often rests on dead trees ; Drepan- 
ornis, Seleucides, Semioptera, and Ptilorhis, search under the bark 
for insects, and move about like Creepers. The pugnacious males 
of Paradisea collect to “dance” on favourite trees at the breed- 
ing season, when they fly about with elevated and vibrating 
plumes; while in the Family generally the cock courts the hen 
in Pigeon-like fashion, Diphyllodes making meanwhile a complete 
circle of its expanded mantle- and throat-plumes. Parotia 
scratches and rolls in the dust like a Fowl. 
The voice may be a shrill reiterated “wake-wake,” as in 
Paradisea; a harsh or sonorous cry, as in Faleinellus, Chlamydodera, 
ce 
1 Malay Archipelago, ch. xxxvili. * P.Z.S.1885, pp. 651-656. ° Das Tier-reich, 1898. 
