VII CORVIDAE Ses 
Os 
P. nuttalli a yellow, ear-patch ; Cissa a fleshy vermilion orbital 
outgrowth ; Callaeas an orange rictal wattle with blue base in 
one species, a blue wattle in the other. 
This Family occupies nearly all the globe, except the Australian 
Region east of the Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, and New 
Zealand; while the members are less plentiful in America, and 
from Panama to Uruguay only a few genera akin to the Jay 
occur. The sexes are similar, the young usually duller. 
True Crows are generally black with a purplish or greenish 
gloss, and frequently with white at the base of the feathers ; ° 
some, however, are browner, while the silvery-grey hind-neck of 
the Jackdaw and the grey back and lower parts of the “ Hooded ” 
Crow are well known. The Chinese Corvus torquatus and the 
Ethiopian C. scapulatus have white collars behind, and white on 
the breast ; in Gazzola of Celebes that colour extends further ; but 
the African Corvultur has the white collar only. The throat 
sometimes exhibits hackles, and in the Antillean Microcoraa leuco- 
gnaphalus the feathers have hair-like extremities. Our visitor the 
Nuteracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) is brown, with whitish dorsal 
and pectoral spots, and blackish quills; three or four other species 
of the genus, with most variable bills, inhabit conifer woods in the 
Palaearctic Region ; anda near ally (Picicorvus columbianus) those of 
the western Rocky Mountains. Choughs(Pyrrhocorax),which occur 
in the Palaearctic and the extreme north of the Ethiopian Region, 
are clossy black, with brilliant red feet, and red or yellow bill. 
Pica rustica, the well-known Magpie, needs no description, 
nor do its black and white congeners, P. mauritanica, distin- 
guished by a naked blue spot behind the eye, and P. nuttalli 
with this spot and the beak yellow. P. rustica extends through 
the Palaearctic Region, and reaches Formosa and North America ; 
the other species are found respectively in Algeria and Morocco 
and in California. Platysmurus aterrimus of Borneo, and Tem- 
nurus truncatus of Cochin China are instances of uniform glossy 
black forms in this section; Psilorhinus, from the centre of 
America, is a dull brown Jay. Cyanopica cooki, of Southern 
Spain, represented in Eastern Asia and Japan by @. cyana, is a blue 
Magpie, having cobalt wings and tail, an ashy body, and a_ black 
head; while the Indo-Chinese and Sumatran genus, Dendrocitta, 
shews brown, orange, buff, and grey tints, mingled with black and 
usually white. Cissa contains three species from India, Burma, 
