it CORVIDAE SoD 
and Corvus caurinus require passing mention. Crows generally 
inhabit wooded country, but also bare moorlands or sea-coasts ; 
the Nutcracker requires pine-forests—commonly at considerable 
elevations; and Magpies haunt woods, yet not so invariably 
as Jays. The whole Family hop, and most forms, except per- 
haps Jays, walk or run also, All are active birds and fly well, 
the Chough, Jay, and Nutcracker in more undulating fashion : 
ti 
Fic. 180.—Raven. Corvus corax. x Ty 
while soaring is a common practice. Ravens have very deep 
voices, and croak, “ bark,” or “grunt”; Jackdaws utter a clear 
“jake-jake”; Choughs a ringing, metallic note or a hoarse “ chough- 
chough”; Nutcrackers a “churr-churr”; Magpies a continuous 
“rattle” or “chatter.” Jays vary their harsh, grating utter- 
ances by mimicking other species, the American Blue Jays being 
notorious adepts, and exhibiting meanwhile fantastic contortions of 
the head, wings, and tail. Many species, such as Ravens, Magpies, 
and Jackdaws, learn to imitate sounds when tamed. The Corvidae 
