150 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 
commoner Southern species A. pallipes, which has been very generally con- 
founded with A. jliiatilis. 
The Astaci from the Spanish peninsula are probably A. padlipes, as well 
as those of England and Ireland.* 
A, fluviatilis is also found in Denmark (Huxley, op. cif., p. 299) and in 
the Scandinavian peninsula. It appears to have been introduced artificially 
into the latter, having been scarcely known in Sweden before the time 
of John III. (1568-92)., From Sweden it has spread into Southeastern 
Norway. 
9. Astacus leptodactylus. 
Astacus leptodactylus, Escuscnoutz, Mém. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, VI. 109, Tab. XVIII, 1828. 
Astacus leptodactylus, Ratuxe, Mém. Acad. Impér. des Sci. St. Pétersbourg, IIL. 359, Tab. IV. figs. 1, 2, 
1837. (Separate, 1836.) 
Astacus leptodactylus, var. Caspia, Wicuwaup, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, 1838, p. 148. — Fauna Caspio- 
Caucasia, p. 179, Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1, 1841. 
Astacus leptodactylus, var. salinus, NokpMANN, Observations sur la Faune Pontique, in Demidoff’s Voyage 
dans la Russie Mérid. et la Crimée, Atlas, Crustacea, Tab. I. (No date.§) 
Astacus leptodactylus, Ericuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XI. Jahrg., I. 90, 1846. 
Astacus fluviatilis, yar. leptodactylus, GarstrEpt, Méin. Acad. Impér. des Sci. St. Pétersbourg, TX. 558, 
584, 1859. 
Astacus leptodactylus, HwitEr, Die Crustaceen des siidlichen Huropa, p. 215, Taf. VIL. fig. 6, 1863. 
Astacus leptodactylus, Kussumr, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, XLVIIL. 249 [849], 1874. 
Astacus leptodactylus, Woxiny, The Crayfish, p. 303, fig. 75 (after Rathke), 1880. 
Astacus leptodactylus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 157, 1884. 
Var. angulosa. 
Astacus angulosus, RatuKe, Mém. Acad. Impér. des Sci. St. Pétersbourg, III. 364, Tab. LV. fig. 3, 1837. 
(Separate, 1836.) 
Astacus angulosus, Ericuson, Arch, Naturgesch., XL. Jahrg., I. 91, 1846. (After Rathke.) 
Astucus fluviatilis, var. angulosus, Gerstretpt, Mém. Acad. Impér. des Sci. St. Pétersbourg, IX. 568, 584, 
1859. 
Astacus angulosus, HELLER, Die Crustaceen des siidlichen Europa, p. 216, 1863. 
Astacus leptodactylus, var. angulosus, Kusstpr, Bull. Soc. lmpér. Nat. Moscou, XLVIIT. 251 [851], 1874. 
Astacus leptodactylus, var. angulosa, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 157, 1884. 
Distribution. — Astacus leptodactylus has the widest distribution of any of 
the European species of Astacus. It is found in all the rivers that flow into 
the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov on the north from the Danube to Mount 
Caucasus, and in those that empty into the Caspian Sea as far east as the 
Ural Mountains and the Muchojar Hills in Western Siberia. It descends into 
the brackish waters of the estuaries of the rivers that empty into the Black 
The text is dated 1840. 
* See pp. 144, 145. + Linné, Fauna Suecica, p. 358, 1746. 
t G. O. Sars, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés d’Hau douce de Norvége, p. 11, 1867. 
§ 
