The Cane Grubs of Australia. 25 
earth with wire gauze bottoms were used later with more success and 
also wire gauze cages of various depths. The larve are not very sensitive 
to handling. 7 
LOCOMOTION. 
The larve have never been observed to come to the surface of the 
soil and crawl. Locomotion, therefore, is very laborious, and after the 
usual fashion of the young of this group of beetles. On the surface, 
however, the larve are capable of crawling upon their venters, moving 
with mederate rapidity. 
Paw Ae 
DEPTH AT WHICH FORMED. 
At Mackay (Mirani), October 18, 1911, a pupa was found in the 
‘dark soil of a canefield at a depth of 15 inches. At Mossman on October 
31, 1911, two pup were found at an average depth of 1 foot; this in a 
eanefield. At Gordonvale, November 20, 1911, in a canefield of sandy 
soil near the Mulgrave River, one was found at a depth of 6 inches; the 
soil was dry for the first 5 inches. In a similar field, the same date, one 
was found at 5 inches. In a strip of sod between this canefield and the 
bank of the river, two pupal chambers were found at the depth of 5 
inches. In red volcanic soil of canefields at Gordonvale, Mr. J. A. Hadley 
obtained a pupa at a depth of 3 feet and another at 8 inches. On 
November 28, a pupal chamber was found 4 inches below the surface in 
sandy loam, and another 51% inches. 
When confined in cages of 14 inches square, the great majority of 
the six or more thousand grubs so kept pupated at or toward the bottom 
where there was sure to be more moisture. When confined in deep wire 
eages sunk into the earth to depths of 1} feet, 16 inches, 37 inches, 42 
inches, 33 inches, 53 inches, 55 inches, and 43 inches, the larve always 
pupated in the bottom half-foot or so of soil, though in these cases this 
part of the soil was certainly no more moist than that some inches above 
it. In flower-pots sunk into the earth for depths not exceeding one foot, 
pupation occurred near the bottom. It seems an instinct at this time 
for the grub to burrow downward indefinitely. 
MANNER OF FORMATION. 
All the pups seen by us were in smooth-wailed earthen cells and 
were naked—that is, not enclosed by the larval cast. They lie on their 
backs. 
DURATION OF THE PERIOD OF PUPATION. 
Pup have been recorded on the following dates at Gordonvale :-— 
October 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
November 6, 8, 11, 17, 25. 
December 8. 
The period extends, therefore, from about October 13 to December 
