26 The Cane Grubs of Australia. 
8. The great majority were met with in October. One pupa was found 
on August 6, 1913, evidently an exceptional case. Larve have been 
found in pupal chambers as early as July 20, but this is exceptionally 
early. The first pupa ever found was on August 14 in confinement. 
LENGTH OF PUPAL STAGE. 
Of thirty-five cases noted in respect to this—but not perfect records, 
because the time of pupation was never accurately obtained—the time 
as pupa ranged from eight days to twenty-seven days. The real period 
must therefore exceed twenty-seven days by several days. 
THE ADULT. 
PERIOD OF ADULT AERIAL EXISTENCE. 
Adults have been recorded on the following dates :— 
November 4, 1221592324925) 221 28.800: 
December 1, 45%6,9) 10712. 13 14 aG? a19) 20 ole 3G: 
January 1,256,723, 12a is, 6 1S 19.893 24s 26 29) 
Mebruary.o; (6:27) 03 Ase 202123 226. 
March 25. 
The maximum frequency is approximated by the relative lengths of 
the rows of dates. 
PERIOD OF EMERGENCE FROM Purpa. 
This means actual transformation into the adult in the pupal 
chamber below the earth’s surface; but as this phenomenon is but rarely 
observed, the dates given really refer to the times at which newly emerged 
adults were found in the soil, or at least those which had never left the 
soil. These are easily recognised by their appearance. They have been 
found on the following dates :— 
October 14, 15, 16, 21, 26, 28, 31. 
November 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12,13) 14, 15, 19) 20, 2-22) Do. 28: 
December 3, 11, 15, 18, 19; 22, 24. 
January 23. 
The depth at which found varied from just under the surface to 
depths of a foot or more, but the larger number were turned up by the 
plough. The frequency is approximated by the relative lengths of the 
lines. A fresh emergence of adults from the soil has been noted as late 
as January 23*, 
Lenets or ApuLT AERIAL LIFE. 
In order to obtain data on this, it became necessary to capture 
beetles and confine them indoors with food. The table summarises. The 
material was from forest :— 
* Transformation in confinement was always early, so that it may be assumed 
for the present that the adults dig their way out at the earliest opportunity, at least. 
after varying intervals of time. 
