Bibliotheca spluugidologica 143 



[*75] 1902. Fr. Leydig, Horae Zoologicae, (Jena), p. 125, 



NotaÜ. 



,,Ich hatte gelegentlich zu bedauern CIX" (Errat, an- 

 statt CXIX, worunter Leydig seine Studie „Zu den Be- 

 gattungszeichen der Insekten" anführt), ,,39, daß ich den 

 ,,taschenförmigen Anhang der Parnassier nicht aus eigner 

 Anschauung kannte, und mich nur auf die; Abbildungen, 

 Ikono- welche de Geer und Schäffer gegeben, beziehen konnte, 

 graphie jyj^^ Interesse betrachte ich jetzt die Darstellungen des 

 Sphragis Teils in den nachgelassenen Aquarellen des verstorbenen 

 Nürnberger Entomologen v. Praun, auf welche noch 

 mehrmals zurückzukommen sein wird. Das Gebilde zeigt 

 sich in der Profilansicht deutlich taschenförmig und zwar 

 in P. mnemosyne noch mehr entwickelt als bei P. apollo". 

 [*76] 1902. G. A. K. Marshall, The possible^>eaning of the 



Sac of Female Acraeinae, in: Trans. Ent. Soc, London 1902, 



p. 539. 



Sphragis ,,Malvern, May 14, 1897; The species in which the sac ist 



best developed are Acraea neobule and A. horta. With 



Zweck regard to the use of the organ, I remember making some 



observations at Salisbury in 1894 on A. caldarena and 



Eiablage A. nohara-halali while ovipositing, and I then came to 

 the conclusion that the sac was of an use during laying, 

 being apparently rather an obstruction than otherwise. 

 I therefore rather incline to your second Suggestion, that 

 it is probably to prevent copulation a second time. This 

 view moreover seems to be borne^out by what I have 



Werbeflug noticed in the courtship of the insects. So far as I have 

 at present observed, Acraeas appear to be the only but- 

 terflies which indulge in the system of ,,marriage by cap- 

 ture". In such of the Nymphälinae as^I have watched, 

 the males have in no case attempted to^eize the females, 

 which when anxious to escape their addresses'did so either 

 by dodging among the'! Vegetation Tor soaring. The fe- 

 males of some Pierinae {noishlyl Belenois, Pinacopteryx) 

 have a very noticeable method of refusing the males; 

 they settle with wings outspread but with fore-wings di- 

 rected backwards so as almost to cover the hind-wings, 

 and the abdomen is raised in air. This position is pro- 

 bably to prevent the male running along the side, for 

 copulation is effected from thejside. It might however 

 be done in order to allow the male to see by her abdomen 

 that she was gravid, for I have a case in my note-book 

 (P. pigea) in which the male ran up and feit the abdomen 

 with his palpi and then flew off. In the Acraeas however 

 Kopula I have observed several cases of copulation taking place 

 in A. petraea and A. horta, and in all of them the male 

 seized the femalc on the "wing, grasping her with his i-"- 



5. Heft 



