Gl ,CnM>. XII, 



I'-Mi.v. '62.] 



not, to emit — quite different from the sharp quack of the 

 Gadwall, softer and less strident tlian that of the Mallard 

 bnt still not at all feeble, on the contrary audible at a 

 great distance. The female, Finn say», utters a harsh 

 unpleasant quack. 



Garganf.y Tml — Almost noiseless in flight, and in 

 other respects a somewhat silent bird. Its quack is not 

 so loud as that of the Mallard, but is in a slightly higher 

 key ; it may be represented by the syllable knake, whence 

 the German name of this Duck, Knak-Ente. It is gener- 

 ally uttered singly, but sometimes twice. The quack 

 is common to both sexes. (Seehohm.) The male has a 

 peculiar inward guttural croak. (Finn.) 



Shoveller. — Not a very noisy bird. The Duck quacks 

 not unlike the domestic species ; the voice of the drake 

 is a little deeper ; if we represent the former as qiiaak, 

 the latter might be represented as quauk. On the wing, 

 the note is a guttural puck puck, (Seebohm.) 



Marbled Duck. — " Lord Lilford, an extremely careful 

 observer," ivrites Hume, " ?ays that they utter a low, 

 croaking whistle ; but I am sure I am correct in saying 

 that they also utter a distinct, but rather hoarse, quack ; 

 time after time, before a duck has been flushed, amidst 

 the babel of sounds that rises in the rushes as you first 

 begin to push through them on some unfrequented and 

 unpoached broad, I have singled out their note and cor- 

 rectly foretold that in such or such a direction there were a 

 lot of Marble! Teal." Stuart-Baker thinks the whistle and 

 the quack are two distinct calls, as in some otlier duck. 



Red-crested Pochard. — Their call-note, not verv often 

 heard by day unless they are alarmed, is quite of the 

 Pochard character — not the quack of a Duck, but a deep, 

 grating kurr. Occasionally the males only, I think, ivrites 

 Jiume, emit a sharp, sibilant note — a sort of whistle, quite 

 different from that of the Wigeoa and yet somewhat 

 reminding one of that. 



The Pochard. — Tlieir note, rarely heard until they 

 are disturbed, is very like that of 'the White-eye, but 

 louder and harsher — kurr, kurr. {Hume.) Has a hissing 

 voice. (Latham.) 



White-eyed Pochard. — Their quack or note is peculiar, 

 though somewhat like that of the Pochard, a harsh kirr, 

 kere, kirr, with which one soon gets acquainted as they 

 invariably utter it, staccato, as they bustle up from the 

 rushes, often within a few yards of the boat. (Hume.) 

 On the whole a very silent bird. (Stuart-Baker.) 



Tv/ted Dvck. — When alarmed and flushed, they occa- 

 sionally emit the regular, grating Pochard call, kurr, kurr, 

 but not so loudly, I think, as some of the other species. 

 (Hume.) A silent bird on the whole. (StuarUBaker,) 



