THE ENVOY S17 
excellent observer. His wrong interpretations were inevitable 
at the time when he wrote: and when we remember that he 
made his observations mostly with the aid of simple lenses of 
English manufacture (probably much inferior to Leeuwenhoek’s), 
we can now only admire his accuracy. In my view, Miller was 
one of the great protozoologists of all time. He was also, for 
his period, a good bacteriologist—familiar at first hand with 
many bacteria—though he nowhere considers the possibility 
that any micro-organisms may be causally connected with 
disease. 
Linnaeus’s views regarding protozoa and bacteria, and their 
relation to infectious diseases, are not easily ascertained. 
In the Systema Naturae (ed. X, 1758) he grouped all the 
known protozoa in his Class VERMHES and its last order 
ZoopHyTa. Apart from a few Foraminifera and Vorti- 
cellidae—placed under molluscs and polyps respectively—all 
the Protozoa which he recognized were comprised in the single 
genus Volvox, containing only two species. In his 12th 
edition, however, he elaborates this system somewhat, and 
assigns all the “ animalcules” then known to three ill-defined 
genera—Volvox, Furia, Chaos. All the “ infusoria”’ described 
in “the books of micrographers” (including Leeuwenhoek) 
are lumped together in a single species ‘“ Chaos infusorium”’ : 
but as an appendix he adds 6 doubtful kinds of “living 
molecules ”’ which he leaves to his followers to elucidate." The 
list 1s so curious, in many ways, that I must quote it here: ? 
The contagion of eruptive fevers ? 
The cause of paroxysmal fevers ? 
The moist virus of syphilis ? 
Leeuwwenhoek’s spermatic animalcules ? 
The aery mist floating in the month of blossoming ?* 
Miinchhausen’s septic agent of fermentation and 
putrefaction ? 
wine Os" "G8 
Dr Bulloch—who quotes the foregoing list in its original 
1“ obscurae . . . moleculae vivae . . . posteris relinquendae.” 
2 I translate the original Latin into English in order to be consistent : 
but all students of the history of protozoology and bacteriology are doubtless 
familiar with Linné’s own words. 
3 Meaning, of course, the month of May—which the Dutch also prettily 
call Bloeimaand. 
