hue. In a few clays the winged males appear, but remain beneath the 

 scale for two or three days before emerging. The females at this time 

 have a few dorsal brownish markings and have undergone two molts. 

 The males and females copulate in September, and soon afterward a 

 small proportion of the females migrate to the twigs, where they insert 

 their probosces and become fixed for the remainder of their existence, 

 meanwhile changing from a greenish color to buff and finally brown, 

 with a slightly tessellated wax}- covering. In this condition the winter 

 is passed (fig. 3). 



When the sap begins to How in the early spring the female grows 

 rapidly, mainly because of the rapid development of great numbers of 



Pig. 2.— Pulvinaria innumerabilis: a, newly-batched young; /<, female, third stage, from above; 



c same, from side: (/, male, third stage; c, same, natural size, on leaf and petiole; f. same, en- 

 larged, on leaf petiole showing two specimens parasitized— all greatly enlarged except e (from 

 Howard). 



eggs within the body. In May or early June the ovisac begins to form 

 from the fine waxy threads exuded from the posterior spinnerets, push- 

 ing backward and upward until the body of the female is almost vertical 

 to the twig. Meanwhile the ovisac is gradually being filled with eggs, 

 which hatch and undergo all the changes mentioned above. Thus, 

 fortunately, there is but a single brood each year. 



PARASITES AND PBEDACEOUS ENEMIES. 



Notwithstanding the extreme prolificacy of this insect, it is usually 

 held in check by its many natural enemies. Doctor Howard has 

 observed the English sparrow apparently feeding upon the full-grown 

 scales. The twice-stabbed ladybird (Chilocorus Mvulnerus Muls.) is a 

 common enemy of this as of other scale insects, particularly in its 

 early stages. The smaller similarly marked Hyperaspis Mnotata Say 

 (fig. 4) and H. signata Melsh. are also valuable enemies of this 

 species. The writer found in the severely infested parks and cemeteries 



