TOWNSEND AND ALLEN: LABRADOR BIRDS. 289 
dor Jay and the Hudsonian Chickadee, perhaps also the Pine Gros- 
beak, have been observed moving in fall in a definite migratory way, 
but the extent of these movements is quite unknown. 
ORNITHOLOGICAL History — ORNITHOLOGISTS. 
Although Audubon was the first ornithologist to study the birds 
of Labrador, there is much of ornithological interest to be found in 
the writings of an earlier explorer of this region. George Cartwright, 
Esq., published in Newark, England, in 1792, three quarto volumes 
entitled: “A journal of transactions and events during a residence 
of nearly sixteen years on the coast of Labrador, containing many 
interesting particulars both of the country and its inhabitants not 
hitherto known. Illustrated with proper charts.” The abundant 
bird life of his times is vividly portrayed in the accounts of the 
flights of Curlew in the fall, the great numbers of ducks and geese, 
murres, and gulls crowding the islands and furnishing the polar 
bears and Cartwright’s company with many feasts of eggs. Some 
of these notes will be entered later in the annotated list, but it is 
of interest to mention here that Cartwright describes the capture of 
a Great Auk. He also speaks several times of shooting pied ducks, 
but there is of course considerable doubt as to whether the now 
extinct Caumptolaimus labradorius is referred to, although there are 
reasons to believe that this is the case. ‘The names he uses for other 
wild fowl, as Whabby for Red-throated Diver, Hound for the Old- 
squaw, Tinker for the Razor-billed Auk, and Bull for Dovekie are 
still employed on the coast. 
Cartwright’s chief places of residence in Labrador were at Cape 
Charles at the eastern end of the Straits of Belle Isle, and at Sandwich 
Bay the present site of the Hudson’s Bay company’s post of Cart- 
wright. He arrived at Labrador in July, 1770, and left it for the 
last time in the summer of 1786. 
The earliest definite ornithological investigation of the Labrador 
fauna was made by the illustrious Audubon.t He departed on a 
long-contemplated trip to this region from Eastport, Maine, on June 
6, 1833, on the schooner Ripley, commanded by Captain Emery. 
His party, all young men under twenty-four years of age, consisted 
1The observations made by Sir John Richardson and recorded in his ‘‘ Fauna 
Boreali-Americana’’ (1829-1837) were all made in the regions to the north and west 
of Hudson Bay. They are therefore outside of the Labrador region. 
