EVOLUTION OF THE ELEPHANT LULL. 



653 



mammoths represented by the output of fossil ivovj since the conquest 

 of Siberia is not far from 40,000, not, of course, a single herd, but the 

 accumulations of thousands of years. The oyster trawlers from the 

 single village of Happisburg dredged from the Dogger Banks off the 

 coast of Norfolk, England, 2,000 molar teeth, besides tusks and other 

 mammoth remains, between the years 1820 and 1833. This indicates 

 not onl}' the great profusion of the mammoths of the Pleistocene, but 

 the existence of comparatively recent land connection between Eng- 

 land and the continent. 



Direct evidences of the association of man and. the mammoth are 

 plentiful in Europe but strangely enough absolutely wanting in North 

 America, although we have every reason to believe that such an 

 association existed in the New World as well as in the Old. In 

 Europe not only have the bones of man and the mammoth been found 

 intermingled in a way that implied strict contemporaneity, but still 

 more striking evidence is shown in the works of prehistoric artists. 

 The fidelity with which the mammoth is drawn indicates that the 

 artist must have 

 seen the animal 

 alive. 



One of the most 

 notable of these 

 relics is an engrav- 

 ing of a charging 

 mammoth drawn 

 upon a fragment 

 of mammoth tusk 

 found in a cave 

 dwelling at La Madeline in southern France. In the Grotte des 

 Combnrelles (Dordogne), France, there are in addition to some forty 

 drawings of the horse at least fourteen of the mammoth. These are 

 mural paintings or engravings, the former being executed in a black 

 pigment and some kind of a red ocher, while the latter are scratched 

 or deeply incised, sometimes embellished with a dark coloring matter 

 (oxide of manganese). It is especially interesting to note that the 

 people of that day were not only sufficiently advanced to have artists 

 of a very high order, but that they also had begun to domesticate the 

 horse, if one may judge from the indications of harness on some of 

 the equine figures. The horse is a most potent factor in the civiliza- 

 tion of mankind. 



In the caverns of Fond de Gaume in southern France there are 

 at least 80 pictures, largely those of reindeer, but including two 

 of the mammoth. The actual association of man and the mammoth 

 in America has not been proven. In Afton, Oklahoma, is a sulphur 

 spring from which have been brought to light remains of the mam- 



FlG. 



Charging mammoth ; after Liibliock. 



