CARL VON LINNE AS A GEOLOGIST NATHORST. . 727 



had been made by the mussel or bow it bad got so deep down into the sea 

 bottom was a more difflcult matter. * * * Numerous as tbis mussel was 

 beneath the sandy bottom we saw no traces of it on the shores, nor have I 

 ever seen one of them in Sweden. * * * Nearly all mussels living in the 

 sand and slime of the sea bottom have two tubes protruding above the bottom 

 through which they breathe the water. 



******* 



* * * To quote those observations in an article intended to 

 describe Linne as a geologist may seem somewhat curious to many; 

 but the fact is that here they are in their proper place, because it is 

 through the observation of phenomena along modern shores that the 

 geologist is enabled to interpret the true meaning of various charac- 

 teristics of older deposits. * * * 



Rock Strata axd Fossils of Oland and Gotland — Have the 

 Animals Migrated or are they Extinct? — The Mountains of 

 "Westrogothia — Strata Terr^e — The Cambro-Silukian Strata of 

 Skane — Linne, Bergman, and Werner. 



That Linne, during his travels in Oland and Gotland, should have 

 made a number of observations of local rock species was only what 

 might have been anticipated. * * * But he was also in the habit 

 of making excursions to Malmo and Lomma, upon which occasions 

 " petrifications were collected in the sand on the seashore " (presum- 

 ably mostly cretaceous fossils and siliceous stone nuclei). Moreover, 

 during his travels abroad he had had abundant opportunities of 

 studying fossils in the natural history collections, and * * * j^ 

 becomes quite clear that Linne, through his own experiences as well 

 as from the works of others, was quite familiar with fossils as such. 

 Moreover, during his journe}^ in Dalarne he had also had occasion 

 to stuclj' their occurrence in the rock strata. 



He describes the slate under the limestone at Erischso, in Oland, 

 gives an account of the succession of strata in the alum pit, and 

 mentions from the limestone at Boda — 



several petrifications, such as "Oland snails," here called "Darts" \Ortho- 

 ccras], Entrochi with many rings [stalked crinoids], round and rough-surfaced 

 pyrite balls, and " Crystal apples " [cystids] : 



" Crystal apples " I call the spherical stones, of the size of apples, that are 

 found in limestones, which, when broken, resemble a luematites, and consist 

 entirely of light and transparent spar crystals which converge in centro, leaving 

 a cavity in the center, so that their triangular points may be plainly seen. 

 These " crystal apples " are rather common here in Oland and I have collected 

 them at Osmunds ilouutain in Dalarne. * * * 



At different points in the lime quarries at the northern end of 

 Oland Linne had occasion to observe the profuse occurrence of 

 Orthoceratites : 



"Darts," or HelminthoUthus nautili recti, were abundant in this rock, but 

 particularly in the red one with blue streaks. * * * we searched in vain 

 88292— SM 1908 47 



