CYGNUS CYGNUS 15 



(3) CYGNUS CYGNUS. 

 THE WHOOPEE. 



Anas cygnus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, i, p. 122 (1758) (Sweden) ; ibid i, 



p. 191 (1766) ; Lath. Inch Orn. ii, p. 893 (1790). 

 Cygnus ferus, Briss. Orn. vi, p. 292, pi. 28 (1760). 

 Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Vog. Dcutsch. iii, (?) iv, p. 830, 



pi. 35 (1809) (Thuringia) ; G. E. Gray, Cat. M. £ B. Nep. Pres. 



1846, p. 144; Brooks, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 63; Hume, S. F. vii, 



pp. 106, 107, 464; viii, p. 114; id. Cat. No. 944, quat. ; Hume & 



Marsh. Game-B. Lid. iii, p. 47, pi. (1880); Salvador), Cat. B. M. 



xxvii, p. 27 (1895) ; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. S. xl, p. 2 (1897) ; 



Blanford, ibid. p. 306 (1898) ; id. Avifauna B. I. iv, p. 414 (1898) ; 



Aitken, J. B. N. H. S. xiii, p. 362 ; Dates, Man. Game-B. ii, p. 35 



(1899) ; Crerar, J. B. N. H. S. xv, p. 716 (1903) ; Cummmg, ibid. 



xvi, p. 697; Makin, Ibis, 1906, p. 398; .innandale, ibid. p. 612; 



BiUurlin, ibid. p. 737 ; Thomson, ibid. 1907, p. 511 (Seisfcan) ; 



Buturlin, ibid. p. 651 : Stuart Baker, Lidian Ducks, p. 12, pi. 1, 



fig. 1 (1908) ; id. J. B. N. H. S. xviii, p. 754 (1908) ; Osborn, ibid. 



xix, p. 263 (1909) (Hoshiarpur Dist.) ; Millard, ibid, xx, p. 1181 



(1911) (Soham E., Punjab) ; Kinnear, id. ibid. p. 1184 (Nowshera) ; 



Stuart Baker, ibid, xxi, p. 274 (1911) (Kabul E.) ; Meinertzhagen, 



Ibis, 1920, p. 181 (Quetta). 

 Cygnus bewicki, Hume d- Marsh. Game-B. Lid. iii, p. 51 (in err.) (1880) ; 



Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. S. xi, p. 14 (in err.) 1897; Salvadori, 



Cat. B. M. xxvii, p. 29 (1895), part, specimen " m." 



Cygnus cygnus, Sharpe, Hand-L. i, p. 207 (1899) ; Stuart Baker, 



J. B. N. H. S. xxiii, p. 455, pi. fig. 3 (1915). 

 Olor cygnus, Oberholser, Emu, viii, p. 6 (1908). 



Description. — Cygnus cygnus can be discriminated from the other swans 

 which have yellow lores, by its much greater size when adult, the wing 

 being never under 22'5 inches ( = 570 mm.) and generally a good deal more. 

 The bill is not only actually, but also comparatively longer in adult birds, 

 being very seldom as little as 3"9 ( = 100 mm.) and generally well over 4 

 ( = 102 mm.) In shape also it differs greatly, the upper outline running 

 almost straight from the tip to the base at forehead, where it is, compara- 

 tively, not nearly so deep as in bewicki. In colouration the yellow on the 

 base of the bill in the " Whooper " extends right down to the upper corner 

 of the nostril and often beyond this ; the outline between the yellow and 



