5 
over without mention—of which the skylark, thrush, golden- 
crested wren, blackbird, sparrowhawk, starling, jackdaw, 
wood pigeon, lapwing, snipe, and wild duck may be cited 
as examples—of which those which nest with us in summer 
are probably never the same individuals which are with us 
in the winter. These come under the class of migrants. 
The general direction of this annual autumnal migration 
of birds is generally considered to be from east to west and 
south-west, but the trend of all autumn migration is south, 
and many of our migrants pursuing a southerly course over 
the North Sea, catch a glimpse of the projecting coast-line 
of Norfolk, with its lighthouses visible at night thirty miles 
out, and at once change the direction of their flight from 
south to west. It will be borne in mind that, even from 
the Naze in Norway, whence most of our hooded crows, 
woodcocks, redwings, and other migrants are supposed to 
come, the direction of flight would be S.S.W. 
Migration is much affected by wind, and it has happened 
more than once that, with gales from the north and north- 
east, multitudes of dunlins, knots, sanderlings, and other 
waders—in fact, all the Grallatorial inhabitants of the shore 
at the time, have been seen following the line of the coast 
northwards at Yarmouth, and where it begins to curve 
round, at Blakeney, westwards; but these retrograde 
migrations, from local causes, do not affect the general 
line. What guides the feathered pilgrims—inherited know- 
ledge, sight, or instinct !—is a question which has puzzled 
the wisest ornithological heads; but, strange as it may 
appear, the young birds, which may be supposed to know 
least about it, generally come first; while, from close 
observation, it appears that the proportion of young to old 
is as ten to one all through the three months of September, 
