80 CRUISE OF STEAMER CORWIN IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 
HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Linn.) Savig. 
(74.) THe BALD EAGLE. 
Among the Aleutian Islands this eagle is very abundant, and frequently as many as ten or 
fifteen may be seen in a single day over a limited area. It is a denizen here, finding an 
abundance of high cliffs and crags upon which to rear its young, and about which it soars in fine 
weather. North, along the coast, this eagle is rather uncommon, owing mainly to the very low, 
flat character of the country. Wherever the coast becomes mountainous or cliffs abut on the sea- 
shore one is pretty certain to find one or more pairs of these birds in the vicinity. It ranges 
considerably within the Aretie Circle wherever the mountainous character of the country is such 
as to attract. The abundance of reindeer aud other game has its influence as well. During my 
residence at Saint Michaels a number of birds were seen passing over, and quite a number of 
skins were brought me by the Eskimo from various points along the coast to Bering Straits and 
Kotzebue Sound. 
The great Sea Eagle of the Kamtchatkan coast and Bering Islands has been reported from 
the Aleutian chain, but the Bald Eagle was undoubtedly mistaken for it. 
TETRACNIDA. GROUSE. 
CANACE CANADENSIS (Linn.) Bp. 
(75.) THE SPRUCE PARTRIDGE. 
This, one of the handsomest of our grouse, occurs from the Northern States through British 
America to the shores of Bering Sea, at the head of Norton Sound, where the spruce forests 
approach and directly border on the shore. It is not abundant here but is a sparing resident and 
breeds. Further in the interior it becomes more numerous. Its range may approach the sea-shore 
again about the head of Bristol Bay, where the forest reaches within a short distance of the coast; 
but we have no data from that region. In the wooded interior of Siberia this fine grouse is 
represented by a closely related form, falcipennis, which is not known to approach any of the 
shores under discussion. The Spruce Grouse from the vicinity of Bering Straits is identical in 
every way with specimens from Maine and New Brunswick, and thus shows less sensitiveness to 
climatic influence than the following species. 
BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLOIDES (Dougl.) Baird. 
(76.) THe GRAY RUFFED GROUSE. 
In the same localities as the preceding is found occurs this bird, which forms the northern 
variety of the familiar Partridge, or Rutted Grouse, of the entire eastern North America. I had 
no opportunity to learn anything of special interest concerning the habits of either this or the 
preceding species along the coast region mentioned. With the exception of the wooded country 
at the head of Bristol Bay there is no portion of the Bering Sea coast where either the Spruce or 
Ruffed Grouse would occur, as the remainder of the shore and all the islands are destitute of trees. 
LAGOPUS ALBUS (Gm.) Aud. 
(77.) THE WHITE PTARMIGAN. 
The White Ptarmigan, or Willow Grouse, occurs in greater numbers in Northern Alaska than 
all the other species of grouse combined. Along the northern portion of the country wherever 
open country occurs it is found in abundance, and especially along the shores of Bering Sea 
and the Arctic Ocean, where it breeds in great numbers. The last of April and first of May 
throughout this region, from the mouth of the Kuskoquim River north to Point Barrow, the loud 
notes and peculiar movements of the males form one of the most characteristic features at this 
season, and render the birds very conspicuous. It is found on the adjoining coast of Siberia as 
well as on the American shore, but does not occur on the Aleutian Islands, with the single exception, 
