SANTAL, SPAT, 
it yielded 3 per cent. of a ruby-red oil having the consistence of 
East Indian oil. Its sp. gr. at 15° C. was found to be 0°969. Its 
odour is poor, resembling that of “ West Indian” oil. This wood 
is not botanically identified, but it appears* that “in the northern 
parts of Madagascar a wood with properties similar to santal wood 
is known under the Sakalava name of Hasoranto.” 
The ‘‘ West Indian” santal wood of commerce comes from Puerto 
Cabello in Venezuela. The tree producing it does not appear to 
have been identified. In appearance it differs totally from the 
Indian santal and the Macassar, and probably does not belong at 
all to the Santalaceze. It has been examined by Kirkby, in the 
paper above referred to, also by Andreas Petersen of Copenhagen +, 
who says that “a transverse section exhibits very distinctly a well- 
marked irregular limit between the brown heart-wood and the 
yellowish sap-wood. It is very hard, tough, and ponderous, and 
sinks in water, to which it yields a faintly yellow matter. It is 
difficult to cut and split. Medullary rays or annual rings cannot 
be discovered even by means of a lens, whereas long radiate rows 
of vessels loaded with resin make their appearance in the heart- 
wood if examined by a lens. On a radiate section the vessels may 
also be seen to contain a bright glittermg resin. The odour is 
weak but agreeable. The yield of oil is about 24 per cent.” Its 
sp. gr. is stated above. 
Fyi santal wood is yielded by Santalum Yasi, Seem. It is now 
rather rare through the trees having been mostly cut down by 
traders. The microscopic structure of this wood bears a close re- 
semblance to that of S. album, but is less rich in vessels, and its 
parenchymatous cells as seen in the transverse section are rather 
more regularly arranged in rows than in the latter, but the differ- 
ences are not very conspicuous (Petersen). A sample of this wood 
obtained from the Colonial Exhibition and distilled by Mr. Umney 
gave the unusually large yield of 64 per cent. of oil, the sp. gr. of 
which was determined by Mciiwan at 16° C. as 0'9768. This oil 
was of a pale straw-colour and soluble in less than its own volume 
of rectified spirit ; thus a mixture of equal parts of spirit and oil 
takes up another part of oil. Its rotatory power, observed by 
Dr. Symes, was — 25°50 f. 
* Kew Bulletin, May 1888, p. 135. 
+ Pharm. Journ. [3] xvi. p. 757. 
} Ibid. xvii. p. 661. 
