SANTAL, EF). 
churches. As described by Dr. Stieren*, this bark occurs in 
irregular, more or less smooth, or unevenly corrugated pieces, of a 
hight whitish cinnamon colour, with dark, hard epidermis, and of 
an agreeable custard-like smell, and aromatic, slightly acid, bal- 
samic, bitterish taste. A small quantity coarsely powdered and 
sprinkled over burning coals emitted a balsamic, mixed aromatic 
odour. A thin cross-section manifested, at about 75 diameters 
linear, in the microscope, oil-cells interstriated with apparently 
semi-viscid resinous matter. By exhaustion with alcohol, and 
slow evaporation of the extract to the consistence of syrup, a clear, 
rich brown, sweet-scented balsam, not unlike Peruvian balsam in 
appearance, was obtained, amounting to 15 per cent. of the bark. 
Experiments proved that the odorous principles rest in an oily 
substance, cinnamic acid and its combinations and resinous 
matter. 
A yellow wood which is sometimes used as a substitute for 
santal in religious ceremonies, is that of the Xymenia Americana, 
found in the Cirear mountains, the Andaman Isles, Malacca, 
Ceylon, and distributed in tropical Africa and America. It is a 
large ramous thorny shrub, bearing white fragrant flowers. It is 
described by Roxburgh, Flor. Ind. 1. p. 252, and in Hooker’s 
‘Flora of British India,’ i. p. 574. This wood may be powdered 
and mixed with other ingredients into the form of “joss-sticks ” 
for fumigations, in the same way as santal wood is in China. 
Such sticks are sometimes so made as to smoulder continuously 
for a fortnight (and are actually used as time-pieces). 
Possibly some of the santal woods of the Middle Ages were not 
exclusively furnished by species of Santalum. The Epicharis 
(Dyoxylum) Loureirti, Pierre, and Epicharis Bailloni, Pierre, trees 
belonging to the order Meliacee, and growing in Yunnan and 
Cochin China, are mentioned by Baillon+ as sources of santal 
wood. 
The Algum trees “out of Lebanon ” of 2 Chron. i. 8, and ix. 
11, and Almug trees “from Ophir” of 1 Kings, x. 11, 12 (both 
references being about B.c. 500), have been generally identified 
with the true Santal wood (S. album) because one of its Sanskrit 
names is evidently the same word as the Hebrew a/gum or almug. 
* Pharm. Journ, [3] xv. p. 680. 
+ Traité de Botanique Méd. 1884, p. 974. 
