JEFFERSONIA. 



THE ENGLISH FLOWER GARDEN. 



lUNIPERUS. 



633 



being J. affine, with flowers larger than 

 those of the ordinary kind. There is a 

 variegated-leaved kind, not of much 

 value, and one with golden foliage, and 

 there is a rare double-flowered form. It 

 is almost evergreen, except in exposed 

 places. 



It is a native of Persia and the north- 

 western mountains of India, but is 

 naturalised here and there in Southern 

 Europe. 



JEFFERSONIA {Twin-leaf).— ^n in- 

 teresting dwarf plant, allied to the Blood- 

 root, J. diphylla being from 6 to 10 in. high, 

 theflowers white, about i in. across, in early 

 spring. It is a good plant for peaty and 

 somewhat shady spots on the rock-garden, 

 and for the margins of beds of dwarf 

 American plants. Seed should be sown 

 in sandy soil as soon as gathered, but 

 careful division of the root in winter 

 is the best way to increase the plant. 

 A native of rich woods in N. America. 



JUB^A (/. spectabilis).—Ps. hand- 

 some, hardy South American palm, with 

 a short, tree-hke stem, which sometimes 

 attains a great height, and pinnate leaves 

 of a deep green colour and from 6 ft. to 

 12 ft. long. The leaf-stalks are very 

 thick at the base, where they are enclosed 

 in a dense mass of rough, brown fibres, 

 which grow upon their lower edges. 

 Young plants are prettier than old ones, 

 and when well established grow without 

 any trouble and are free from the diseases 

 which attack the softer leaves of other 

 palms. The soil for this plant should be 

 a mixture of two parts of rich loam and 

 two parts composed of peat, leaf- mould, 

 and sand. This exists in the open air 

 throughout the winter in the warmest 

 parts of Britain, proving fully hardy and 

 making a fair growth where the climate 

 at all resembles that of Chili. Grown in 

 tubs in the conservatory in winter, and 

 placed in the open air in summer, it is use- 

 ful for grouping with the hardier palms. 



JUGLANS ( ^^rt/;////).— Stately trees of 

 northern and eastern regions, among them 

 being our noble European Walnut. A 

 tree as well known to the ancients as to 

 ourselves, and useful and beautiful in all 

 ways. 



Our Walnut (/. regia), like many other 

 fruit trees, has been cultivated for so long 

 that no one is clear as to its origin, but it is 

 a tree of wide distribution in the East, and 

 in countries where it is much cultivated has 

 many varieties, differing much in size and 

 in the tenderness of their shells and even 

 in earliness. Though the Walnut is not so 

 much grown in Britain as in countries of 

 Southern Europe, it is very happy in some 



of our southern, western, and eastern 

 counties, occasionally attaining fine pro- 

 portions, especially on warm and chalky 

 soil ; but as we go further north it becomes 

 less and less likely to ripen its fruit, and 

 in Scotland it has to be grown against 

 walls. In parts of Central and Southern 

 Europe it is so much cultivated that the 

 wood and fruit and oil produced by it form 

 a principal source of commerce. There 

 is very much of interest as regards the 

 uses of the various products of the 

 Walnut in countries where it is at home, 

 but here we ai-e concerned with its culture 

 and beauty as a lawn, pleasure ground, or 

 orchard tree, and in this way with us it 

 thrives best in good and rather dry soils 

 on calcareous base though thriving in 

 other soils. 



Theform of single trees is often veryfine, 

 as indeed it is as a group, and sometimes 

 as a short avenue. It may also be grown 

 as an orchard tree where the soil is favour- 

 able and there is plenty of room. The 

 finest specimens are occasionally nearly 

 100 feet in diameter in spread of branch. 

 The cut-leaved form will appeal to some. 

 Among the other species there are remark- 

 able trees, but our common Walnut has in 

 Europe so many good qualities that it is 

 the best to plant, although some of the other 

 species are good for collections of hardy 

 trees, such as J. cineria, the butternut, J. 

 nigra, the black Walnut, both of America ; 

 a very hardy, fine tree which would thrive 

 in situations where our common Walnut 

 might not be so free ; J. i/ia/niskurica, of 

 the Amoor region ; /. rupcstris, of the 

 Western United States ; and /. Sicboldi, 

 of Japan ; besides several hybrids between 

 the common Walnut and other species. 



JUNCUS(7?;/'j/0.— Water-side or marsh 

 plants, generally with long round leaves. 

 J. effusus spiralis is a very singular plant, 

 whose spreading tufts of leaves, instead of 

 growing straight, are twisted in a cork- 

 screw form. It is worth cultivating on the 

 margins of water. It is easily multiplied 

 by division of the tufts. J. zebrinus is 

 apparently a form of the common Rush 

 (J. communis). The long round leaves 

 are barred with bands of yellow and 

 green, and it is a striking plant, as its 

 rigid habit and singular markings stand 

 out in bold relief 



JUNIPERUS.— Evergreen shrubs and 

 medium-sized trees, natives of northern 

 and temperate countries. The wood of 

 some kinds is fragrant and the foliage 

 contains an acrid principle as in the 

 Savin. The Junipers vary much in size 

 and habit in their native countries owing 

 to their usually wide geographical range, 



