CHAPTER IV. 
MODES OF PROPAGATION BY DIVISION, VIZ. TAKING JFF 
SUCKERS, MAKING LAYERS AND CUTTINGS, BUDDING, 
GRAFTING, AND INARCHING. 
PROPERLY speaking, there are only two modes of propagating 
plants, viz.: by seed and by division. The first raises a new indi- 
vidual, resembling the plant that produced the seed, as a child does 
its parent, but not perpetuating any accidental peculiarity; and the 
second method multiplies specimens of the individual itself. Species 
are propagated by seed, and new varieties are raised ; but varieties 
are generally propagated by division, as they do not always come 
true from seed. The modes of propagation, by division, are of two 
kinds :—those in which the young plants root in the ground, such as 
suckers, layers, and cuttings; and those in which they are made to 
root in another plant, as in budding, grafting, and marching. 
Suckers——Sending up suckers, forming offsets, and throwing out 
runners, are all natural ways of propagation that require very little 
aid from the hand of man; and if all plants produced these, nothing 
more would be required than to divide the offspring from the parent, 
and replant it in any suitable soil. But only certain plants throw up 
suckers, such as the rose, the raspberry, the lilac, the English elm, 
&c.; offsets are only formed on bulbs, and runners are only thrown 
out by strawberries, brambles, and a few other plants; and thus 
these modes of propagation are extremely limited in practice. No 
plants produce suckers but those that send out strong horizontal 
roots; as the sucker is in fact a bud from one of these roots which 
has pushed its way up through the soil, and become a stem. As this 
stem generally forms fibrous roots of its own, above its point of 
junction with the parent root, it: may in most cases, when it is 
