FOUNTAINS. 913 FOUNTAINS. 
out disturbing or injuring them, | the pipes it passes through, if the 
which would be unavoidable if the | place from which the fountain is to 
ground were dug. play should be far from the supply- 
Foruerei'Lua. — Hamamelidee.| ing cistern. The time which tie 
—American dwarf shrubs, with | fountain will play depends on the 
large handsome leaves, and white | quantity of water which the cistern 
fragrant flowers. The plants should | contains ; and the evenness and 
be grown in a moist peaty soil, and | proportion of the ascending column 
are injured by very severe frosts. ‘of water on the diameter of the 
The flowers appear before the | conducting pipe, which should be 
leaves. | five times the diameter of the ori- 
Founrarns are of two kinds; jets, | fice. To explain this, we will sup- 
which rise up in a single tube of) pose a cistern erected on a summer- 
water to a great height, and then | house twenty feet high, and that a 
fall in mist or vapour; and droop- | fountain is wished to play about a 
ing fountains, which are forced up| hundred yards from it, in a right 
through a pipe, terminated by a/line. Then if the diameter of the 
kind of rose pierced with holes, | descending and conducting pipes be 
called an adjutage, which makes | two inches and a half, and the dia- 
the water assume some particular | meter of the orifice for the jet be 
shape m descending. The prin-| half an inch, the water will rise 
ciple on which fountains are con- | about eighteen feet high. It must 
structed is, that if a large quantity | be observed, that the water will rise 
of water be contained in a cistern, | to a less height in proportion to the 
or other reservoir, in any elevated | distance which the fountain is from 
situation, and pipes be contrived | the cistern, the loss by friction 
from it to carry the water down to/| being about a foot for every hun- 
the ground, and along its surface, |; dred yards; and also that if the 
that the water will always attempt | pipes take any bend or curvature, 
to rise to its own level the moment | the loss by friction becomes greater. 
it can find a vent. When the ori-| The time that the fountain will 
fice is large, this inclination is only | continue to play may be calcuiated 
shown in a kind of bubbling up-| by estimating the quantity of water 
wards, as the ascent of the water the cistern will contain, as a jet of 
is prevented by the weight of the| the size above described will dis- 
atmosphere above it; but, where | charge about sixty-five quarts a 
the orifice is small, the column of; minute. The pipes should be of 
water will force its way through | lead, a quarter of an inch thick; 
_the air very nearly to the height ‘of /as if they are too slight they are 
- the large body of water from which | very apt to burst and leak, from the 
it descended. The height to which | great weight and pressure of the 
a jet of water will ascend, therefore, | water; and they should be carried 
gerne on the height which the | deep enough into the ground to be 
istern that is to supply it is above | out of the reach of danger from frost. 
the ground from which it is to as- | They should also be so ) contrived as 
cend; and on the size of the orifice | to present a uniform slope towards 
through which it is to issue. Some-| the point from which the jet is tc 
thing must, however, be allowed issue; to prevent an accumulation 
for the resistance which even a_/ of air, or of sediment from the wa- 
slender column of water meets with | ter in the pipes, either of which will 
from the air; and something is also | prevent the fountain from playing. 
lost by the friction of the water on! Drooping fountains do not require 
