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PLANTING. 
324 
somewhat to one side for some years 
after planting, it will ultimately be- 
come more or less erect ; and that 
a strong, vigorous-looking plant 
leaning a little to one side, affords 
a greater evidence of its being se- 
cure and in sound health, than a 
straight erect plant kept in that po- 
sition by a stake. In the case of 
planting trees with stems three or 
four inches in diameter in exposed 
situations, two or three stakes may 
be used, placed at a short distance 
from the base of the stem and lean- 
ing towards it; and where they are 
made fast, they should be joined by 
matting, hay-ropes, or some other 
soft material, so as not to injure or 
confine the bark. Before transplant. | 
ing trees of a timber size, the main | 
roots are frequently cut at the dis- | 
tance of five feet or six feet from 
the stem a year previously to trans- 
planting ; in consequence of which, 
they send out fibres which in the 
course of the summer become small 
roots, so that when transplanted, 
the tree, instead of drawing its prin- 
cipal nourishment from spongicles 
at the distance of twenty fect or 
perhaps thirty feet from the stem, 
is enabled to draw it from the dis- 
tance of six cr eight feet, and thus 
to continue growing, though rot | 
with the same degree of vigour as | 
if it had not been transplanted. | 
Some kinds of trees, when of a/| 
large size, such as the Sycamore, | 
the Lime, the Horse-chestnut, and | 
a few others, may be transplanted | 
without this precaution ; but in this | 
case, the operation must be per- 
formed in autumn as soon as the 
leaves have dropped, in order to give | 
the roots time to form some fibres 
during the winter; and the greater 
the distance from the stem at which 
the roots are cut, the greater will 
pe the success. Large trees with 
wide-spreading roots, when trans- 
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base, which prevents the stem from 
being blown to one side. Where 
there is danger anticipated from 
high winds, the tree may be secured 
by three guy-ropes tied to the upper 
part of the stem, and made fast to 
stakes driven into the ground at 
such a distance from the tree as 
that the ropes may form an angle 
with the ground of 45°; or the 
stronger roots may be kept in their 
position by stakes driven into the 
ground with their heads beneath 
the surface of the soil, the main 
roots being made fast to them by 
cords. 
In all cases of transplanting de- 
ciduous trees, with the exception 
of the Beech and Hornbeam, some 
pruning should be given to the top, 
so as to lessen the number of 
branches and leaves which are to 
be supplied by the root. ‘The quan- 
tity of branches that are required 
to be removed will depend partly 
on the kind of tree, and partly on 
the intention of the planter, but 
mainly on the climate and _ soil. 
Beech trees, as already mentioned, 
are injured when transplanted by 
having many branches removed, 
and often die im consequence. Sy- 
camores and all the Acer tribe, 
having numerous fibres near the 
main stem, require but little prun- 
ing of the head. The same may 
be said of the Yew and the Holly, 
the Lime and the Elm. When the 
object of the planter is to produce 
immediate effect by a bulky head, 
all the branches may be left on, 
whatever may be the kind of tree ; 
but in that case the tree will pro- 
duce only leaves for a number of 
years, or if it produce shoots they 
will not exceed a few lines in length. 
Ultimately, if the soil be poor and 
dry, the tree will probably perish ; 
but if the soil should be good and 
moist, and the climate also moist, 
planted, seldom require to be staked, | the tree will, in time, become vig- 
because the roots form a broad | orous, and produce shoots. Where 
