18 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF 
black walnut, the demand for which is rapidly outrunning the 
supply. 
The hemlock or hemlock spruce (Adzes Canadensis, Michx.) 
is restricted in its range to shaded ravines and rock-bound 
creeks. Cliffs and ledges of coarse sandstone, and particularly 
of the conglomerate sandstone, when near the bed of the 
creek, are often covered or surrounded by an almost exclusive 
growth of hemlock and laurel—trees and shrubs which make 
slight competition for the more open soil. The hemlock is not 
limited to coarse sandstone formations, however. It is found, 
less frequently, clinging to or growing along ledges of lime- 
stone, as on Tygert’s creek, where it is associated with cedar, 
and also covering the steep faces of the Waverly sandstone, as 
exposed along some of the streams west of Tygert’s creek. 
The pines are represented by several species; the yellow 
pine (Pinus mitis, Michx.) being the common species. The 
white pine (P. stvobus, L.) occurs on Buffalo creek, in Carter 
county. It is represented here by a few scattered individuals 
only. The scrub pine (P. zwops., Azt.) is more common in 
second growth, as on the hills around Louisa. 
The red cedar (/untperus Virginica, L.) grows in many 
localities low down in valleys or on bluff-like hills; but it has a 
much more marked development along the outcrop of the sub- 
carboniferous limestone than elsewhere. 
Besides the trees mentioned in the tables, there are others 
of less common occurrence, as also a number of small trees 
and,of shrubs, which, though they do not largely affect the 
character of the old forest, are worthy of mention. 
The poplar (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) occurs at sev- 
eral points on low ground. 
The persimmon or date-plum (Diospyrus Virginiana, L.) is 
found in nearly all localities. Attention has been called to this 
tree by a number of writers as one likely to repay with valua- 
ble fruit an intelligent effort to cultivate and improve it. 
The cherry is represented by two species (Prunus serotina, 
Ehrhart and P. Pennsylvanica, L.), the former occasionally 
18 
