20 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF 
The catalpa (C. dzgnonordes, Walt.) is found both on cultivated 
and on wild lands. Whether native in the latter instance is 
uncertain from observations in this field. 
The hop hornbeam or lever wood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.). 
occurs only rarely and in small size. 
Water beech (Carpiznus Americana, Michx.), is abundant 
everywhere, sometimes reaching eight to ten inches in diame- 
ter. It is a very close-grained wood, and may be made val- 
uable for turning by boiling or saturating with water before 
drying. 
The dogwood (Coruns florida, L.) is also abundant through- 
out. It rarely reaches a diameter of ten inches, but it grows. 
a more regular and shaft-like trunk than the preceding, while 
it is equally close-fibred, and more readily seasoned for use. 
The Juneberry or service berry (Amelanchier Canadensts, 
Torr & Gray) has an occasional representative. 
Sassafras (.S. officinale, Nees.) is common, and usually asso- 
ciated with the sour tree or sorrel tree (Oxvdendrum arboreum,, 
eG) 
The pawpaw grows in dense thickets along the foot of most 
hills, extending up ravines and reaching up hillsides in lessen- 
ing numbers. It is sometimes found near the tops of hills 250 
to 300 feet above drainage. 
American holly (//ex opaca, Ait.) is usually found associated 
with hemlock and the laurels in rocky and broken areas. 
The redbud ( Crrc7zs Canadensis, L.), the black haw ( Viburnum 
pruntfolium, L.), spicewood (Benzoin oderiferum, Nees.), hazel- 
nut (Corylus Americana, Walt.), and the witch hazel (//ama- 
melis Virginica, L.) are occasionally met with. 
Sumach (Rhus copalina, L.), alder (Alnus serrulata, Ait.),. 
and several species of thorns, are more common. The haw- 
thorn occurs near Ashland, probably introduced. Leatherwood 
(Dirca palustris, L.) has been noted at several points west of 
Tygert’s creek. The crab apple and the wild plum sometimes. 
make up a part of thickets, which appear to be a wild growth. 
Grapevines, the climbing bittersweet, the Virginia creeper, 
as well as the poison ivy, frequently overrun the smaller trees 
20 
