20 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS 
for heavy wagons. But I noticed that on these ridges the 
undergrowth was largely black oak and scarlet oak, which 
seem to be replacing even the post oak. On the limestone 
formation along Livingston creek there has once been a con- 
siderable amount of liriodendron timber; but that has been 
cut away, so that scarcely any is now to be found. 
In going from Dycusburg back toward the head waters. 
of the Tradewater river, there are some very fine bodies of 
timber, especially white oak and liriodendron. Along all 
the small streams and on low grounds, as well as on high 
grounds in some localities, these timbers are found in great 
abundance, forming together about 50 per cent. of the forest 
trees, and are massive and valuable. The liriodendron timber 
here spoken of, though, does not appear until the cavernous. 
St. Louis limestone, within about four miles of Fredonia, is. 
reached; but from this place to Fredonia there is little varia- 
tion in size, value, or quality of the timbers. They consist 
of white oak, black and shag hickory, liriodendron, Spanish 
oak, black oak, and red oak, with bartram oak, white and red 
elm, beeches, sugar maple, black gum, sweet gum, and small 
quantities of honey locust and black walnut at a less height 
above water level. These timbers remain essentially the 
same for about three miles beyond Fredonia toward Dalton 
(formerly Garnettsville), where we pass from the limestone to 
a coarse, reddish, Sub-carboniferous sandstone, the country 
becomes quite hilly and broken, and the timbers grow more 
or less strongly marked into upland and lowland timbers, 
the two alternating with reference to height above drainage. 
Even on Sinking Fork of Livingston creek, four miles from» 
Fredonia, no limestone is found. The timbers are the usual! 
swamp ones—swamp white oak, white oak, pig and shag hick- 
ory, red and white elm, bartram oak, some white ash, ete. 
These become very fine about six miles from Fredonia, all 
along the foot-hills, while the ridges furnish post oak, black 
oak, scarlet oak, black hickory, and other timbers more or 
less scrubby. The forest, after leaving Fredonia, cannot be 
considered very valuable until Donaldson creek is reached, 
122 
